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Silica Content
Maximum silica at 120ppm at 250psi boiler and lower 对250psi压力以下锅炉，二氧化硅在炉水中的 最大浓度为120ppm High silica can lead to selective silica carryover in steam equipment(normally at 450 psi and above)炉水中 存在高浓度的二氧 化硅会导致硅的选择性携带，进入蒸汽设备 ( 通常发生在450psi压力以上锅炉)
silica level and control 二氧化硅浓度 TDS in feedwater 给水的总溶解固体 suspended solids in feedwater 给水中的悬浮固体 boiler cleanliness 锅炉内部的清洁程度 hardness leakage in feedwater 给水中的硬度
Interpreting Nalco PSRs 如何理解 Nalco服务报告
Objective 目的
Objective: to provide a basic understanding of the terms, definition used in the PSRs 介绍服务报告上使用的术语的定义 Benefits: to improve the communication of PSR content to readers from the writer. 提高服务报告阅读者和书写者之间的相互沟通
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Orthophosphate 正磷酸盐浓度
OPO4 is the hardness inhibitor in phosphate program 在磷酸盐方案中，正磷酸盐是硬度的阻垢剂 It is used to condition the calcium hardness into calcium phosphate before it is removed through blow-down 它将钙硬度转变成不溶解的悬浮磷酸钙，随排污排除 锅炉 通常控制范围： 30－60ppm
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Customer Requirements 客户要求
Your want to: 您希望
be briefed on the current status of your systems(focusing on concerns and non-conformance) 对系统的目前运行状况进行简要的概述 to know what is the impact and implication of them(non-conformance) on the process 知道各分析数据对生产有什么影响
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Cycle of Operations/concentration
Practically, other factors to consider are:
在实际操作上，还应考虑其它因数： boiler blow-down control practice(boiler attendant) 锅炉排污控制 （锅炉工的操作习惯) availability of intermittent auto blow-down devices 锅炉是否装备自动间歇排污设备 steam demand vs. boiler output 蒸汽产量与需求量 之比 steam purity and application 蒸汽的纯度要求
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pH and alkalinity(P/M/O)
Alkalinity reserves in boiler depends on: 锅炉碱度控制值取决于： program types 处理方案类型 silica level(mindful of silica to alkalinity ratio＝1：3) 二氧化硅浓度 （ 二氧化硅与碱度之比为1:3) Calcium and Magnesium 锅炉水中钙、镁浓度 boiler pressure 锅炉压力 对于<450psi 锅炉，ASME建议控制在O碱度： 250－300ppm as CaCO3
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Silica Content
Silica is highly insoluble in the presence of aluminum: formation of aluminium silicate(glassy scale) 当水中存在铝离子，二氧化硅的溶解性极低: 形成硅酸铝 (透明的硬垢)
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Cycle of Operations/concentration
What if Cycle is Low: 如果浓缩倍数低
wasting water and fuel 浪费水和燃料 higher chemical cost 药剂用量上升 boiler will be cleaner 锅炉内部更干净 more blow-down 排污量上升
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SulfiteSulfite-oxygen scavenger N780
亚磷酸盐 －除氧剂
N780 usage is the function of performance of deaerator N780的用量与热力除氧器的效率成函数关系
1 ppm Oxygen needs 17.5ppm N780 ( or 7.8 ppm as Sodium Sulphite) 1ppm的溶解氧需消耗17.5ppm N780除氧剂
可测பைடு நூலகம்氯根，TDS，或任何可溶性离子来计算。 例如： 给水种氯离子25ppm，锅炉水中氯离子250ppm 浓缩倍数= 浓缩倍数 250/25=10
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Cycle of Operations/concentration
Optimum cycle is individual for each plant, depending on: 各工厂的最佳浓缩倍数各不相同 ，取决于
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Orthophosphate 正磷酸盐浓度
What if orthophosphate is below range: 如果正磷酸低于控制范围
To be scaling 发生结垢
即 N1741加药量不足，会引起结垢。
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Orthophosphate
Overfeed of N1741, OPO4 is over range: 如果N1741投加量，正磷酸盐超标
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Silica Content
Presents of high hardness in boiler water has bad implication on silica control: 锅炉水中硬度过高，对二氧化硅的控制会产生不利 影响：
hardness needs/consumes alkalinity in its inhibition process 在阻垢过程中，硬度离子需要/消耗碱度 resulting in localized upset on silica/alkalinity ratio in boiler 导致锅炉炉水的碱度与二氧化硅之比发生局 部的波动
It has to be tested as soon as it is sampled 取样时,应立
即测定
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SulfiteSulfite-oxygen scavenger
Reserves in boiler depends on: 亚磷酸盐的残留量取
决于：
de-aerator design and types 热力除氧器的类型 its performance热力除氧器 Nalco is available to check the DO level ex-deaerator Nalco可测定除氧器水出口的溶解氧 ASME建议亚磷酸盐控制范围： 0－10 bar 锅炉 30－ 60ppm 17 11-20 bar锅炉 30－40ppm
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pH and alkalinity(P/M/O) pH值和碱度 (P/M/O)
pH 控制在10－11.5 alkalinity is of priority to pH 碱度比pH更重要 pH test M in feed-water, not for O 给水测M碱度 test P/O in boiler water 锅炉水测P碱度和O碱度
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水的5个主要化学特性
higher TDS in boiler and lower cycle 增加TDS、降低浓缩倍数 higher solids 不溶解固体相应增加 higher treatment cost 处理费用上升
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Polymer is the Key for Success
聚合物是成功方案的关键
Nalco polymer is key to overall control of deposition, fouling, scaling control and solublization of silica, iron, manganese and other elements Nalco聚合物是全面控制结垢、污垢沉积、二氧化硅的溶 解等的关键 Nalco Polymer is proprietary properties. Its use is protected by patents. Nalco聚合物具有专利特点。受到专利保护
Silica Content 二氧化硅浓度
Silica comes from feed-water 二氧化硅来自给水 Can be in at least: 存在形式 soluble silica 溶解二氧化硅 colloidal silica as tiny flocs 胶体硅 Keep soluble silica: alkalinity ratio at 1:3 for suspending the silica in boiler 保持二氧化硅成溶解状态：二氧化硅与碱度之比为1:3