2.3 Unrestricted and Implicational Universals 2.Implicational Universals
It is the discovery of shared restrictions on possible language types. It can be formed as P ⊃ Q. eg1. If P…then Q P: mid-front rounded vowels Q: high-front rounded vowels French: peu [pφ] 一点 rue [r y ] 马路
3. Status & Prospect
a. Target and scope become wider.
李云兵， “中国南亚语系语言构词形态 构词形态的类型 构词形态 学意义”， 北京：《中央民族大学学报》第5期 ,（2007年）：84—90。 田阡子, 江荻, 孙宏开, “东亚语言常见爆发 音的类型学特征”，江苏：《语言科学》第6期 ，（2009年）: 561—572。
在知网(CNKI)上的检索 上的检索(2005—2011) 在知网 上的检索
以语言类型学与语法为主题的论文有 篇 语法为主题的论文 以语言类型学与语法为主题的论文有60篇 以语言类型学与词汇为主题的论文有58篇 语言类型学与词汇为主题的论文有 篇 词汇为主题的论文有 以语言类型学与语音为主题的论文有19篇 以语言类型学与语音为主题的论文有 篇 语音为主题的论文有 以语言类型学与认知为主题的论文有45篇 以语言类型学与认知为主题的论文有 篇 认知为主题的论文有 以语言类型学与方言为主题的论文有 以语言类型学与方言为主题的论文有 115篇 方言 篇
2. Implicational Universals
2.2 Restrictions on possible language types
1. The link of restrictions and implicational universals: two consistent concepts 2. One of the features: empiricist method (theoretical significance)
Thank you!
e. Applied in the study of Chinese linguistics.
饶宏泉，“汉语方言三种体标记的共用分布与特征 互动”，北京《语言研究》第3期（2011年）， 108—112。 金立鑫，“从普通语言学和语言类型角度看汉语补 语问题”，北京《世界汉语教学》第4期（2011）， 449—457。
3. The difference of Classic Typology and Contemporary Typology
a.single parameter/ several parameters and their relationship.
b.overall classification/ partial classification.
b.Focus on explanations for the motivation and mechanism of the language phenomena.
张黎，“汉语‘把’字句的认知类型学解释”，北 京:《世界汉语教学》第3期,（2007年）：52—63。 罗思明，王文斌，洪明，“英汉结果构式RAP制约 的语料库与类型学研究”，北京：《外语教学与研 究》第4期,（2010）：268—274。
cause
result
proposition NDem → NRel T a T b F c T d
NDem NRel T T F (DemN) T T F (RelN) F (DemN) F (RelN) Tetrachoric table(四项表 四项表) 四项表
RelN NRel
DemN × ×
Introduction of Typology & Implicational Universals
白艳玲 张如 梁银院 王艺玮 杨涛 Dec. 6th，2011
Typology
CONTENTS
Implicational Universals
Status and prospect
1. Typology
Unrestricted Universals oral vowels No oral vowels _ × Implicational Universals DemN RelN × NRel ×
NDem _ ×
2.4 Implicational universals of word order
eg2. Implicational Universal: (Hawkin 1983:84) “If a language has noun before demonstrative（NDem), （ then it has noun before relative clause (NRel).”
2.Implicational Universals
（蕴含共性） 蕴含共性）
2.1 Definition
It is a language pattern or phenomenon which occurs in all known languages. a. words: dual number → plural number b. phonetics: mother (English) mutter (German), mama (Swahili) mǔqin (Chinese)
Enumeration of possible types Tetrachoric table(四项表） 四项表） 四项表 Discovery of distribution Empirical method(经验法） 经验法） Generalization (1)Including all possible types (2)Revealing the relationship between parameters External explanation
1. Typology
1.3 Definitions
1 It is a classification of structural types across languages. 2 It is a study of linguistic patterns that are found crosslinguistically. 3 It is an approach to linguistic theory, or more precisely a methodology of linguistic analysis . Methodology
1.Classic Typology In early 19th century, languages are divided into 4 types: affixal inflectional no structure incorporating 2.Contemporary Typology It began with Joseph H.Greenberg’s discovery of 45 implicational universals and first presented in 1960. It is often called the functional-typological approach.
Classification
Implicatioology
4.Semantic Typology
2.Phonological Typology
5.Morphological Typology
3.Grammatical Typology
6.Word Order Typology
2.3 Unrestricted and Implicational Universals 1.Unrestricted Universals
It is an assertion that all languages belong to a particular grammatical type on some parameter, and the other types on the same parameter are not attested. eg. Unrestricted Universal: “all languages have oral vowels” (×:exist _ :not exist) × oral vowels × No oral vowels _
1.1 Aims
It is to describe and explain the common properties and the structural diversity of the world`s languages.
1.Typology
1.2 Background—Two stages
c. Methods are more flexible and elaborate d. Integrating with functional and formalistic approaches.
王勇，徐杰，“系统功能语言学与语言类型学”， 北京《外国语》第3期,（2011年):40—48。
NDem _ ×
2.3 Comparison of two types
Unrestrained Universals Differences Uniformity 1 parameter True for all languages Require deeper explanations Less interesting Similarity Universal Implicational Universals Variation ≥ 2 parameters Have limitations Enough but not so deep More interesting Universal