文档从网络中收集，已重新整理排版.word版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持. 阅读1. What is the main reason that people developedmethods of refrigeration?They wanted to improve the flavor andnutritional value of food.They needed to slow the naturalprocesses that cause food to spoil.They needed a use for the ice thatformed on lakes and rivers.They wanted to expand the productionof certain industries.2. The word perishable in paragraph 1 is closestin meaning tocapable of spoilinguncookedof animal originhighly nutritious3. What can be inferred from paragraph 1 aboutcold storage before the invention of artificialrefrigeration?It kept food cold for only about a week.It was dependent on a source of ice orsnow.It required a container made of metal orwood.It was not a safe method of preservingmeat.4. Artificial refrigeration involves all of thefollowing processes EXCEPTthe pumping of water vapor through apipethe rapid expansion of certain gasesthe evaporation of a volatile liquidthe transfer of heat from one place toanother5. Which sentence below best expresses theessential information in the highlightedsentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choiceschange the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.It takes a lot of energy to transform aliquid into a vapor, especially when thevapor loses heat.Some gases expand rapidly and give offenergy when they encounter a very coldTHE DEVELOPMENT OFREFRIGERATIONCold storage, or refrigeration, is keeping food at temperatures between 32 and 45 degrees F in order to delay the growth of microorganisms—bacteria, molds, and veast—that cause food to spoil. Refrigeration produces few changes in food, so meats, fish, eggs, milk, fruits, and vegetables keep their original flavor, color, and nutrition. Before artificial refrigeration was invented, people stored perishable food with ice or snow to lengthen its storage time. Preserving food by keeping it in an ice—filled pit is a 4,000-year-old art. Cold storage areas were built in basements, cellars, or caves, lined with wood or straw, and packed with ice. The ice was transported from mountains, or harvested from local lakes or rivers, and delivered in large blocks to homes and businesses.Artificial refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a substance, container, or enclosed area, to lower its temperature. The heat is moved from the inside of the container to the outside. A refrigerator uses the evaporation of a volatile liquid, or refrigerant, to absorb heat. In most types of refrigerators, the refrigerant is compressed, pumped through a pipe, and allowed to vaporize. As the liquid turns to vapor, it loses heat and gets colder because the molecules of vapor use energy to leave the liquid. The molecules left behind have less energy and so the liquid becomes colder. Thus, the air inside the refrigerator is chilled.Scientists and inventors from around the world developed artificial refrigeration during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. William Cullen demonstrated artificial refrigeration in Scotland in l748, when he let ethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum. In l805, American inventor Oliver Evans designed the first refrigeration machine that used vapor instead of liquid. In l842, physician John Gorrie used Evans’s design to create an air-cooling apparatus to treat yellow—fever patients in a Florida hospital. Gorrie later left his medical practice andliquid.When kinetic energy is changed to heatenergy, liquid molecules turn into vapormolecules.During evaporation, the vapormolecules use energy, and the liquidbecomes colder.6. According to the passage, who was the firstperson to use artificial refrigeration for apractical purpose?William CullenOliver EvansJohn GorrieAdolphus Busch7. The word it in paragraph 3 refers toprinterrefrigeratortypeether8. Why does the author discuss the brewingindustry in paragraph 4?To compare cave storage withmechanical refrigerationTo describe the unique problems thatbrewers facedTo praise the accomplishments of aprominent brewerTo show how refrigeration changed awhole industry9. The word constrained in paragraph 4 is closestin meaning torestrictedspoiledimprovedalternated10. According to the passage, the first refrigeratedrailcar used what material as a cooling agent?EtherIceAmmoniaCFCs11. The word toxic in paragraph 5 is closest inmeaning to experimented with ice making, and in l85l he was granted the first U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration. In the same year, an Australian printer, James Harrison, built an ether refrigerator after noticing that when he cleaned his type with ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later, Harrison introduced vapor-compression refrigeration to the brewing and meatpacking industries.Brewing was the first industry in the United States to use mechanical refrigeration extensively, and in the 1 870s, commercial refrigeration was primarily directed at breweries. German-born Adolphus Busch was the first to use artificial refrigeration at his brewery in St. Louis. Before refrigeration, brewers stored their beer in caves, and production was constrained by the amount of available cave space. Brewing was strictly a local business, since beer was highly perishable and shipping it any distance would result in spoilage. Busch solved the storage problem with the commercial vapor-compression refrigerator. He solved he shipping problem with the newly invented refrigerated railcar, which was insulated with ice bunkers in each end. Air came in on the top, passed through the bunkers, and circulated through the car by gravity. In solving Busch’s spoilage and storage problems, refrigeration also revolutionized an entire industry. By 1891, nearly every brewery was equipped with mechanical refrigerating machines.The refrigerators of today rely on the same basic principle of cooling caused by the rapid evaporation and expansion of gases. Until l929, refrigerators used toxic gases—ammonia, methyl chloride, and sulfur dioxide—as refrigerants. After those gases accidentally killed several people, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) became the standard refrigerant. However, they were found to be harmful to the earth’s ozone layer, so refrigerators now use a refrigerant called HF134a, which is less harmful to the ozone.densepoisonousrareexpensivepassage. Where would the sentence best fit?Gorrie ’s basic principle of compressing a gas, and then sending it through radiating coils to cool it, is theone most often used in refrigerators today.’s design to create an air-cooling apparatus to treat yellow-fever patients in a Florida hospital. Gorrie later left his medical In the same year, an Australian printer, James Harrison, builtan ether refrigerator after noticing that when he cleaned his type with ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later, Harrison introduced vapor —compression refrigeration to the brewing and meatpacking industries.13—14. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor Answer ChoieesA refrigerator has an evaporator that makes the inside of the refrigerator cold.People used to preserve food by packing it with ice or snow in cold storage areas.Artificial refrigeration Was made possible by the compression and evaporation of a volatile substance.William Cullen developed a method of artificial refrigeration in 1748.Practicalusesofvapor-compressionrefrigeration were introduced in the nineteenth century.CFCs have not been used as refrigerants since they were found to damage the earth ’s ozone layer.15. According to the passage, how did CanadianEnglish become a distinct variety of North American English? Linguists noticed that Canadians spoke aunique dialect.A large group of Loyalists settled in one region at the same time.Growth of the middle class led to a standard school curriculum.Canadians declared their language to bedifferent from U.S. English.16. The word norms in paragraph 1 is closest inmeaning topatterns history wordsideas17. The phrase a great deal in common with inparagraph 2 is closest in meaning to different words for the same problems as many similarities toeasier pronunciation than18. In paragraph 2, what point does the author makeabout Canadian English? Canadian English is more similar toAmerican than to British English.American and British visitors defineCanadian English by their own norms.Canadian English has many words thatare not in other varieties of English.Canadians speak English with an accentthat Americans cannot understand.19. The phrase the two varieties in paragraph 3refers toPeople who live outside North AmericanCanadian English and American EnglishGeneral Canadian and North AmericanBritish English and Canadian English 20. The word spot in paragraph 3 is closest inmeaning todescribeignorepreferCANADIAN ENGLISHCanadian English is a regional variety of North American English that spans almost the entire continent. Canadian English became a separate variety of North American English after the American Revolution, when thousands of Loyalists, people who had supported the British, left the United States and fled north to Canada. Many Loyalists settled in southern Ontario in the l780s, and their speech became the basis for what is called General Canadian, a definition based on the norms of urban middle-class speech.Modern Canadian English is usually defined by the ways in which it resembles and differs from American or British English. Canadian English has a great deal in common with the English spoken in the United States, yet many Americans identify a Canadian accent as British. Many American visitors to Canada think the Canadian vocabulary sounds British—for example, they notice the British “tap”and “braces”instead of the American “faucet”and “suspenders.” On the other hand, many British people identify a Canadian accent as American, and British visitors think the Canadians have become Americanized, saying “gas”and “truck”for “petrol”and “lorry.”People who live outside North America often find it difficult to hear the differences between Canadian and American English. There are many similarities between the two varieties, yet they are far from identical. Canadian English is instantly recognizable to other Canadians, and one Canadian in a crowded room will easily spot the other Canadian among the North Americans.There is no distinctive Canadian grammar. The differences are mainly in pronunciation, vocabulary, and idioms. Canadian pronunciation reflects the experience of a people struggling for national identity against two strong influcaces. About 75 percent of Canadians use the British “zed”rather than the American “zee” for the name of the last letter of the alphabet. On the other hand, 75 percent of Canadians use the American pronunciation of “schedule,”find21. Which sentence below best expresses theessential information in the highlighted sentencein paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave outessential information.Canadian English has been stronglyinfluenced by both British and AmericanEnglish.Canada is the only nation where peoplecan deliberately choose whichpronunciation they prefer.Canadians have tried to distinguishthemselves as a nation, and this effort isshown in their pronunciation.Many newcomers to Canada must workhard to master the national style ofpronouncing English.22. All of the following words originated in NorthAmerican Indian languages EXCEPTkeroseneparkaCanadakayak23. Which of the following can be inferred fromparagraph 5 about vocabulary?Vocabulary is the most distinctive featureof Canadian English.World Standard English has a very largevocabulary.Canadians use more Noth AmericanIndian words than Americans do.Much of the vocabulary for ice hockeyoriginated in Canada.24. The author discusses the expression “eh ” inparagraph 6 as an example ofan idiom that uniquely characterizesCanadian speechan expression that few people outsideCanada have hearda style of Canadian drama and literaturea word that cannot be translated intoother languages“tomato,” and “missile.” The most obvious anddistinctive feature of Canadian speech is probably itsvowel sound, the diphthong “ou.” In Canada, “out ” ispronounced like “oat ” in nearby U.S. accents. Thereare other identifying features of Canadian vowels ；forexample, “cot ” is pronounced the same as “caught ”and “collar ”, the same as “caller.”An important characteristic of the vocabulary ofCanadian English is the use of many words andphrases originating in Canada itself, such as“kerosene” and “chesterfield” (“sofa ”). Several wordsare borrowed from North American Indian languages,for example, “kayak,” “caribou,” “parka,” and“skookum ” (“strong ”). The name of the country itself has an Indian origin ；the Iroquois word “kanata ” originally meant “village.” A number of terms for ice hockey — “face-off,” “blue-line,” and “puck ”—have become part of World Standard English.Some features of Canadian English seem to be unique and are often deliberately identified with Canadian speakers in such andAmong the original perhaps the most famous is the “eh?” as a tag question, as in movie, eh?” “Eh ” is also used as a a narrative, as in “I ’m walking home eh, and I ’m thinking about dinner. I ” view holds that there are no English and that Canadians other Canadians are from just by there is a greater degree of in Canadian English compared with several dialect areas do existLinguists have identified distinctNewfoundland,Valley,southern Ontario, the Prairie：a speech sound that begins with oneThe word homogeneity in paragraph 7 is closestpassage. Where would the sentence best fit?Thus, “out ” rhymes with “boat,” so the phrase “out and about in a boat ” sounds like “oat and aboat in a boat ” to American ears.There is no distinctive Canadian grammar. The differences are mainly in pronunciation, vocabulary, and idioms. Canadian pronunciation reflects the experience of a people struggling for national identity against two strong influences. About 75 percent of Canadians use the British “zed ” rather than the American “zee ” for the name of the last letter of the alphabet. On the hand,75 percent of Canadians use the American pronunciation of “schedule,” “tomato,” and “missile.”“out ” is pronounced like “oat ” in nearbyU.S. accents.“cot ” is pronounced the same as “caught ” and “collar ” the same as “caller.27-28. An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in Answer ChoicesCanadian English contains elements of both British and American English.Several unique varieties of English have evolved in North America.Canadians pronounce most words the same way as Americans do.Canadian English asserts its distinctiveness through pronunciation.Words and idioms originating in Canada also help to define Canadian English. Most Canadians cannot identify where other Canadians are from.29. The phrase branch out in paragraph 1 is closestin meaning to separate hurry lookoriginate30. Which sentence below best expresses theessential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. Physical anthropologists investigate howintelligent human beings evolved from creatures that lived in trees.There are unanswered questions about why some tree —dwelling animals have evolved only two legs.People want to know more about the behavior of animals and how some animals acquire the ability to learn.Some animal populations have the power to ask questions and to learn from theevents of the past.31. The word speculate in paragraph 2 is closest inmeaning toworry forget disagreethink32. Why does the author discuss the Leakey familyin paragraph 3? To argue for an increase in the amount ofresearch in AfricaTo contradict earlier theories of human evolutionTo give examples of fieldwork done by physical anthropologistsTo compare hominid evidence fromTanzania with that from Kenya33. Which of the following is of major interest toboth physical and cultural anthropologists? Methods of physiology and geneticsReligious beliefs and practicesTHE SCIENCE OF ANTHROPOLOGY Throughvariousmethodsofresearch,anthropologists try to fit together the pieces of the human puzzle —to discover how humanity was first achieved, what made it branch out in different directions, and why separate societies behave similarly in some ways but quite differently in otherways. Anthropology, which emerged as an independent science in the late eighteenth century, has two main divisions: physical anthropology and cultural anthropology. Physical anthropology focuses on human evolution and variation and uses methods of physiology, genetics, and ecology. Cultural anthropology focuses on culture and includes archaeology, social anthropology, and 1inguistics.Physical anthropologists are most concerned with human biology. Physical anthropologists are detectives whose mission is to solve the mystery of how humans came to be human. They ask questions about the events that led a tree-dwelling population of animals to evolve into two-legged beings with the power to lean—a power that we call intelligence. Physical anthropologists study the fossils and organic remains of once-living primates. They also study the connections between humans and other primates that are still living. Monkeys, apes, and humans have more in common with one another physically than they do with other kinds of animals. In the lab, anthropologists use the methods of physiology and genetics to investigate the composition of blood chemistry for clues to the relationship of humans to various primates. Some study the animals in the wild to find out what behaviors they share with humans. Others speculate about how the behavior of non-human primates might have shaped human bodily needs and habits.A well—known family of physical anthropologists, the Leakeys, conducted research in East Africa indicating that human evolution centered there rather than Asia. In 1931, Louis Leakey and his wife Mary Leakey began excavating at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where over the next forty years they discovered stone tool and hominid evidence that Child rearing in societies around theworldClues about human beings who livedlong ago34. According to paragraph 4, culturalanthropologists who do fieldwork usuallydiscover hominid evidence indicatingwhen humans evolvedwrite an account of the daily life of thepeople they studywork at universities and museumsinterpreting the work of othersdevelop new technologies for gatheringcultural data35. The phrase sift through in paragraph 4 is closestin meaning toavoidsortdiscusscontradict36. The word They in paragraph 4 refers toresearch universitiesethnologistsfield anthropologistsmuseums37. According to the passage, Margaret Mead wroteabout all of the following subjects EXCEPTthe nature of cultural changerelations between people of differentracesthe biological basis of gendereconomic systems of pioneer women 38. It call be inferred from paragraph 5 thatMargaret Mead’s workmade an impact on the field ofanthropologycontradicted that of the Leakey familyopened Samoa to outside influencesis not widely read by anthropologiststodaypushed back the dates for early humans to over 3. 75 million years ago. Their son, Richard Leakey, discovered yet other types of hominid skulls in Kenya, which he wrote about in Origins (1979) and Origins Reconsidered (1992).Like physical anthropologists, cultural anthropologists study clues about human life in the distant past; however, cultural anthropologists also look at the similarities and differences among human communities today. Some cultural anthropologists work in the field, living and working among people in societies that differ from their own. Anthropologists doing fieldwork often produce an ethnography, a written description of the daily activities of men, women, and children that tells the storyof the society’s community life as a whole. Some cultural anthropologists do not work in the field but rather at research universities and museums doing the comparative and interpretive part of the job. These anthropologists, called ethnologists, sift through the ethnographies written by field anthropologists and try to discover cross-cultural patterns in marriage, child rearing, religious beliefs and practices, warfare—any subject that constitutes the human experience. They often use their findings to argue for or against particular hypotheses about people worldwide.A cultural anthropologist who achieved worldwide fame was Margaret Mead. In 1923, Mead went to Samoa to pursue her first fieldwork assignment—a study that resulted in her widely read book Coming of Age in Samoa (1 928). Mead published ten major works during her long career, moving from studies of child rearing in the Pacific to the cultural and biological bases of gender, the nature of cultural change, the structure and functioning of complex societies, and race relations. Mead remained a pioneer in her willingness to tackle subjects of major intellectual consequence, to develop new technologies for research, and to think of new ways that anthropology could serve society.Glossary:primates: the order of mammals that includes apes and humanshominid: the family of primates of whichpassage. Where would the sentence best fit?Through various methods of research, anthropologists try to fit together the pieces of thehumanpuzzle—to discover how humanity was first achieved, what made it branch out in and why separate societies behave similarly in some wayswhich emerged as an independent in the late eighteenth century, hastwo main divisions: physicalPhysical anthropology focuses on human evolution and variationCultural anthropology focuses on culture and includes40-42. Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them to the type of anthropology that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.Answer ChoicesThe focus is on the similarities and differences among cultures.This field studies life on many different scales of size and time.Researchers observe similarities between humans and other primates.Scientists examine the fossils and skulls ofearly humans.Researchers live and work in other societies and write ethnographies.It is the study of the origin. history, and structure of the earth.The story of humanity’s origins is a major topic of investigation.Type of AnthropologyPhysical Anthropology ●●●Cultural Anthropology ●●。