食品2009级食品科学试题A标准答案及评分标准Ⅰ. 单项选择题（请把正确答案前的字母填入题后的括号内，错选、漏选、多选均不得分，每题1分，共20分）7.浓缩牛奶进行正常喷雾干燥时，若进口空气温度为200℃，出口空气温度为120℃，牛奶的进料温度为55℃，则奶粉微粒在干燥过程中受热的最高温度和下面的哪一个温度比较接近？（B）。
Ⅱ. Please fill in the following blanks (1 point each,in total 30 points)1. Beef and veal are from , pork from , and lamb from .Cattle牛, hogs猪, sheep羊.2. As meat is cooked, contractile become less tender, and becomes more tender.Proteins蛋白, the major connective tissue protein (collagen) 主要的结缔组织蛋白（胶原蛋白）3. Fish is a good source of vitamins and , fat, andhigh-quality .维生素Ａ, 维生素B, unsaturated不饱和, protein蛋白质.4. Soy is made from roasted soybeans in a fine powder. Soy aresubstitutes for cream cheese or sour cream. Soy is a dark brown liquidmade from soybeans that have been fermented. Soy comes from defatted soyflakes.豆粉是将烘烤后的大豆研碾磨的细分（flour）。
大豆干酪是奶油干酪和酸奶油的替代品（cheese）。
酱油是大豆经过发酵制成的黑褐色液体（sauce）。
大豆浓缩蛋白来源于脱脂豆粕（protein concentrate）。
5. Fruits and vegetables get their characteristic color from .果蔬从色素中获得它们的特征性颜色。
pigments6. Sugar-based sweeteners are developed from .以糖为基础的甜味剂是由玉米淀粉开发的。
Cornstarch.7. is the application of heat to the point that sugars dehydrate and breakdown and polymerize.焦糖化作用是糖加热到一定的温度会发生脱水、降解和聚合的过程。
Caramelization.8. The four main microorganisms are , which are the tiniest and simplestforms of life; which need a host to survive; which need a host to survive; , which are molds or yeast; and which, when they multiply, can make food hazardous to eat.Viruses病毒，parasites寄生虫，fungi真菌，bacteria细菌。
9. A rule of thumb for the numbers of organisms required to produce toxins or toproduce desired or undesired flavors is per gram.one million一百万。
10. A letter of is to obtain information about possible job vacancies. A letter of is to apply for a specific position that hasbeen publicly advertised.Inquiry咨询，application申请。
11. Research and development in any area of the food industry requires a background.science-biology, chemistry, or biotechnology生物学、化学、生物技术。
12. Hunger can be a , but more often it is a very limited .Famine饥荒，diet饮食。
13. The manufacture of ice cream is an example of a/an .Swept surface heat exchanges刮片式表面热交换器14. The growth of aerobes is slowed by removing the ; while providing limits the growth of anaerobes.Oxygen氧气, Oxygen氧气15. The most heat resistant pathogen in canned foods is .Clostridium botulinum 梭状芽孢肉毒杆菌16. In the thermal death curve, the D value relates to the to reduce thenumber of microorganisms, and Z value relates to the required to decreasethe microorganisms.Time时间, temperature温度17. Dehydration results in decreased and and shipping costs.Weight重量, volume体积18. Radiation is broadly defined as moving through space in invisiblewaves.Energy能量,19. When is added to water, it changes the microwave heating characteristicsin two different directions.Salt食盐20. Nitrates and nitrites of sodium and potassium add to and maintainin cured meats.Flavor风味, Pink color鲜艳的红色。
21. are an example of edible film packaging.Sausage casings肠衣，22. The collection, separation, and purification of the consumers disposed foodpackages is the main problem with .Post-consumer recycling消费后循环23. Packaging is of concern because of small children and the elderly.Security安全24. heats the milk to at least 1610F for at least 15 seconds. Eliminates all viable life-forms.High temperature/short time pasteurization高温短时杀菌, sterilization灭菌25. is made by churning pasteurized cream.Butter奶油/黄油,26. The general composition of meat is percent water, percent protein, percent fat, and percent ash （mineral）.肉的常规组分大约为70%的水分，21%的蛋白质，8%的脂肪，和1%的灰分。
27. authorizes meat inspection in US.联邦肉品检验由肉品检验法案授权，并由美国农业部（USDA）食品安全检验处（FSIS）负责管理。
The Meat Inspection Act (1906)28. Caviar is sturgeon preserved in brine.Roe鱼卵，鱼子酱是盐水保藏的鲟鱼鱼子。
29. The crispness of a vegetable is due to the movement of in the plant.Water水。
30. The number of and influence the melting point of somecommon fatty acids.碳原子数和饱和度影响一些常见脂肪酸的熔点。
Carbon atoms, saturation.用中文或英文答对主要意思即可得满分。
Ⅳ. Please answer the questions briefly (3 point each,in total 42 points)1. Describe the function of protein in diet.答：Protein provides essential amino acids, and nitrogen for the synthesis of othernitrogen-containing compounds.提供必需氨基酸和氮元素用于合成其它含氮化合物。
Enough protein in the diet can prevent the dietary diseases kwashiorkor or marasmus.足够蛋白质能防止饮食疾病-恶性营养不良和消瘦。
2. Describe two uses of a food composition table.答：Food composition tables are used to evaluate diets and food supplies. 食品成分表用来评价饮食和食品供应。