动词不定式用法小结动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种形式。
其结构是“to+动词原形”,否定形式为“not+to+动词原形”。
动词不定式在句中不充当谓语,不受主语的限制,但有时态和语态的变化。
但不能单独作谓语。
不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+名词或代词宾格”构成。
动词不定式是中考的必考点之一。
现结合最近几年的中考真题,全面梳理动词不定式的考点.一、动词不定式做主语1. 动词不定式直接做主语,谓语动词用三单。
如:To swim in the river is dangerous.在河里游泳是很危险的。
To ask the teacher for help is necessary.向老师寻求帮助是有必要的。
To see is to believe. 眼见为实2.下列特殊句型中的动词不定式做真实主语。
不定式作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式主语.▲“It is+形容词+for sb.to do sth.”意为“做某事对某人来说是……的”。
其中句中的形容词多为描述性的词语,不对人或物的品格进行评价,如difficult,easy,hard,important,dangerous,impossible等。
例1:It is important ____ us ________ English well.A. for;to learnB. of;to learnC. for;learnD. of;learn▲“It is+形容词+of sb.to do sth.”意为“做某事对某人来说是……的”。
其中句中的形容词用于描述人的性格、品质,如kind,good,nice,right,wrong,clever,careless,polite,foolish等。
例2:—Let me help you carry the box,Granny.—Thank you,Li Lei. It’s very nice________ you ____________me.A. of;to helpB. for;to helpC. of;helpingD. for;helping小结:It’s +clever,wise, kind, good, right, nice (of + sb.) + to do .sth.wrong, bad, cruel silly, stupid, foolish careful, careless It’s +difficult, hard, easy,+ ( for + sb. ) + to do sth.possible, impossibl ,important,`3. “It’s a/one’s+n.(task/duty/job)...+to do sth.”意为“做某事是……的任务/职责/工作”。
如:It’s my duty to save patients.治病救人是我的职责。
例3:—It’s our duty __________our city clean and beautiful.—Yes.We should do something for it.A. to keepB. keepC. keeping4.It takes sb time to do sth . 汉译英:每天步行上学花费我十分钟。
_________________________________________________________二、动词不定式做表语动词不定式做表语,一般用于be动词或seem等系表动词后面。
主语通常是wish,idea,works,task,job,aim等词。
如:My work is ___________ the room every day.我的工作是每天打扫房间。
He seemed ____________ nothing.他似乎什么也没有听到。
三、动词不定式做宾语动词不定式做宾语是中考常考考点之一,具体用法分为两种情况:1. 一些动词必须接动词不定式做宾语,这类动词有want(想要),decide(决定),ask(问、寻求),learn(学习),tell(告诉),teach(教、讲授),hope(希望),plan(计划),refuse(拒绝),expect(期待、期望),afford(负担得起),warn(警告),invite(邀请)等。
例4:They decided _____________a bridge over the river.A. buildB. to buildC. building例5:— Some children can’t afford ________________ dictionaries.—Let’s donate our pocket money to them.A. buyB. buyingC. to buyD. be bought2.think,find,feel,make,believe等动词可用于“动词+it+形容词+to do sth.”结构。
在此句型中,it做形式宾语,而真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。
例6:I found _________ necessary _______him..A. that;talkB. it;to talkC. that;to talkYou helped _______________________________________________________(使我拥有幸运成为可能) (make )4.有些动词接动词不定式与接动名词有区别mean to do sth 打算干某事 mean doing sth 意味着干某事forget/remember to do sth 忘记/记得要做某事forget/remember doing sth 忘记/记得已做过某事stop to do sth 终止一件事,去做另一件事 stop doing sth 停止做某事try to do sth 尽力做某事 try doing sth尝试做某事四、动词不定式做宾语补足语The teacher told me to clean the blackboard.I expect you to give me some help.1. 后接带to的不定式做宾语补足语的动词有ask,want,tell,wish,would like,teach,invite,advise,allow,order,encourage,warn等。
例7:My friend invited me____________________ the art club,and Iaccepted it with pleasure.A. joinB. to joinC. joinedD. joining例8: Mr. Smith told his son ____________the football matchbecause of the exam.A. not to watchB. to not watchC. not watchingD. doesn’t watch2.help 后面的“to”可省去e.g. They often help the grandma (to)carry water.3.后接省略to的不定式做宾语补足语的动词有:一感(feel);二听(hear,listen to);三使(make,let,have);四看(see,watch,notice,look at)”。
但要注意的是:在被动语态结构中,应还原动词不定式符号to。
例9:what happens when you hear a strange noise at night,or find a big spider in the corner of your bedroom? It often makes us_____________ .A. jumpB. to jumpC. jumpingD. jumped例10:The girl was made her ___________ brother’s clothes.A. to washB. washC. washing4.不定式用在介词but, except, besides后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带to.(1). She could do nothing but cry.(2). I have no choice but to go.(3).What do you like to do besides sleep.五、动词不定式做定语不定式作定语时,应放在被修饰词的后面,而且放在其他后置定语之后。
1. 不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系:(1)动宾关 I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。
I have something to say.(2)主谓关系 He is always the first to come.他总是第一个来。
(3)同位关系We all have a chance to go to college.我们都有上大学的机会。
2. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。
e.g. He is looking for a room to live in.他在找一个房间住。
1)如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则不定式中要有介词.He is looking for a room to live in .There is nothing to worry about .2) 不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等,即使是及物动词,不定式后面仍须有相应的介词。
请给我一支写字的笔.Please give me a pen to write with.3) 不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way,不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。
He had no money and no place to live.他没钱没地方住。
4) 4. something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。
e.g. Do you have anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗1. 动词不定式做定语时位于被修饰词语之后,做后置定语。
例11:— We don’t have enough money for our field trip.What shall we do?—The best way ________money is to sell newspapers.A. raiseB. to raiseC. raising2. 如果不定式动词与被修饰词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系,并且该动词是不及物动词,则需要加上适当的介词或副词使动宾关系成立。