Basic Notions in English Linguistics Chapter 1 Introduction1.What is languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols for human communication.2.What are design features oflanguageArbitrariness, duality, displacement, interchangeability, creativity, cultural transmission 3.What is arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.4.What is displacementLanguage is free from barriers caused by separation of time and place.5.What is dualityLanguage is a system consisting of two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level (meanings) are composed of elements of the secondary level (sounds) and each level has its own principles oforganization.6.What is creativityLanguage users can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentences.7.What is cultural transmissionThe details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.8.What are three general functions oflanguage proposed by HallidayIdeational, interpersonal, textual 9.What is linguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.10.What are main branches oflinguisticsPhonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics11.What is macro-linguisticsThe study of language in relation to other disciplines, .sociolinguistics12.What is the distinction ofprescriptive and descriptivePrescribe what people should say, describe what people actually use 13.What is the distinction ofcompetence and performanceThe ideal user’s knowledge of language rules and the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication14.What is the distinction ofsynchronic and diachronicThe study of language in time and through time15.What is the distinction of speechand writingNatural/primary and invented/secondary media of human language16.What is traditional grammarThe general approach traditionally formed to the study of languageChapter 2 Speech Sounds17.What are speech soundsMeaningful sounds in human linguistic communication18.What is phoneticsIt studies the production, transmission and perception of speech sounds.19.What are three branches ofphoneticsArticulatory, acoustic, auditory 20.What are the three cavities inspeech productionOral, nasal, pharyngeal21.What is IPA short forInternational Phonetic Alphabet 22.What is the main principle of IPAThere should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound in all languages.23.What are broad and narrowtranscriptionsWith letter-symbols (anddiacritics)24.Where does the distinction liebetween the production of vowels and consonantsThe obstruction of airstream in the oral cavity25.Describe the consonant [ ].Voiced place manner26.Describe the vowel [ ].High front long rounded27.What is phonologyThe study of sound system, pattern 28.What is a phonemeAn abstract phonological unit of distinctive value29.What is allophonyThe phenomenon of variation in the pronunciation of phonemes in different phonological contexts 30.What is a minimal pairA pair of sound sequences identicalin every way except for one sound segment occurring in the same place in the strings31.What is assimilationA process by which one sound takeson some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound32.What are major suprasegmentalfeaturesSyllable, stress, tone, intonation 33.What are the four Chinese tonesLevel, rise, fall-rise, fall34.How do intonations convey meaningsFalling indicates a straight-forward statement, rising makes a question, and fall-rise indicates an implied message.Chapter 3 Lexicon35.What is a wordA minimum free linguistic unit36.How are words classifiedVariability, meaning, part of speech, membership limit 37.What is morphologyThe study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed38.What is a morphemeThe minimal unit of meaning39.What are types of morphemesFree/bound(derivational/inflectional,prefix, infix, suffix, bound root) 40.What are the two major ways of wordformationDerivation, compound41.New words are added to Englishvocabulary in many ways. What are theyCoinage/invention, blending, borrowing, back-formation, abbreviation, analogy42.How does language change in terms ofmeaningMeaning shift, broadening, narrowingChapter 4 Syntax43.What is syntaxThe study of sentence structure and the rules by which sentences are formed44.What are the four representativeapproaches to SyntaxTraditional, structural, TG, functional45.What are the categories of nounNumber, case, gender46.What are the categories of verbTense, voice, mood47.What is a sentenceThe minimum part of L that expressesa complete thought, traditionally48.What are grammatical units atdifferent levelsMorpheme, phrase, clause, sentence 49.What are the grammatical elementsof a sentenceSubject, predicate (predicator, object, comp.)50.What are the seven basic sentencepatterns in English SVO, SV, SVC, SVA, SVOC, SVOA, SVOOChapter 5 Semantics51.What is semanticsThe study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular52.What is the nominalist view ofmeaningWords are just names for things. 53.What is the conceptualist view ofmeaningLanguage and the real world are linked through the mediation of concepts54.What is the contextualist view ofmeaningMeaning can be derived from observable contexts55.What is the behaviorist view ofmeaningMeaning consists in the relation between speech and physical entities and events56.What are the two traditional typesof meaningLexical and structural meaning 57.What are the 7 kinds of meaning byLeech (1981)Conceptual, Con, S, A, R, Col, Thematic58.How are sense and reference relatedto each otherAbstract property/concrete entity 59.What are major sense relationsbetween wordsSynonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, etc 60.What are kinds of synonymsDialectal, collocational, stylistic, affective, semantic 61.What are kinds of antonymsGradable, complementary, relational62.What is polysemyOne word with one+ meaning63.What is homonymyDifferent words identical in spelling or/and sound64.What is hyponymyBetween a more general word and a more specific word65.What is the componential analysisThe dissection of word meaning into its semantic components/features 66.What are the deciding factors ofsentence meaningMeaning of sentence components, word order, sentence structure, thematic organizationChapter 6 Pragmatics67.What is pragmaticsThe study of meaning in context 68.What is contextThe environment of language use 69.What are components of contextLinguistic, situational, socio-cultural70.What is an utteranceA unit of speech actually uttered in com.71.How is utterance meaning differentfrom sentence meaningConcrete, contextualized, variable /72.What are the three kinds of speechacts by Austin (1962)Locutionary, illocutionary, perlocutionary73.What is a locutionary actThe act of conveying literal meaning74.What is an illocutionary actThe act of expressing intention 75.What is a perlocutionary actThe effect of an utterance76.What is the general CooperativePrincipleMake your conversational contribution as required.77.What are the four maxims of the CPQuality, quantity, relation, manner78.What is conversational implicatureA type of implied meaning, which isdeduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.79.What are characteristics of CICal, Can, non-det, non-conventionality80.What is the Politeness PrincipleMaximize the belief of politeexpression81.What is Cognitive Principle ofRelevanceHuman cognition tends to achieve the greatest possible cognitive effect using the smallest effort.82.What is Communicative Principle ofRelevanceEvery utterance communicates a presumption of its own optimal relevance.Chapter 7 Language, Society and Culture83.What is socio-linguisticsThe study of language and society 84.H ow is language related to societyOPENSocial background/context and language use, social function of L, L change85.Provide some linguistic evidence ofsocial differences in language use.Region, class, ethnic group, age, gender, individual, register, 86.What are the two versions ofSapir-Whorf HypothesisStrong (determinism), weak(relativism)87.H ow is language related to cultureOPENL is an indispensable carrier of culture. C finds a better representation via L use.88.Provide some linguistic evidence ofcultural differences in language use.Greeting, thanks, color words, privacy, etc。