W a ter eco system services w a s divided in to fou r group s by their function and effectiveness: p rovision ing, regu la ting, cu ltu ra l, and suppo rting services. P rovision ing services con sist of the p roducts ha rvested from eco system s, including fresh w a ter supp ly fo r da ily u ses and o ther econom ic section s, hydro 2pow er genera tion, naviga tion, aqua tic p roducts and genetic resou rces. R egu la ting services im p ly the benefits ob ta ined from the regu la tion of eco system p rocesses, including w a ter regu la tion, river tran spo rta tion, ero sion con tro l, w a ter p u rifica tion and w a ste trea tm en t, a ir qua lity m a in tenance, and clim a te regu la tion. Cu ltu ra l Services include the non2m a teria l benefits p eop le ob ta ined th rough sp iritua l en richm en t, cogn itive developm en t, recrea tion, and aesthetic exp eriences, such a s cu ltu ra l diversity, educa tiona l va lues, in sp ira tion, aesthetic va lues, cu ltu ra l heritage va lues, recrea tion and eco tou rism. Suppo rting services a re founda tion of the p roduction of a ll o ther eco system services. T heir im p acts on p eop le a re either indirect o r occu r over a very long p eriod, including so il fo rm a tion and reten tion, p roduction of oxygen th rough p ho to syn thesis, p rim a ry p roduction, nu trien t cycling, w a ter cycling, and p rovision ing of hab ita t.
摘要: 水生态系统服务功能是指水生态系统及其生态过程所形成及所维持的人类赖以生存的自然环境条件与效用。它不仅是人 类社会经济的基础资源, 还维持了人类赖以生存与发展的生态环境条件。根据水生态系统提供服务的机制、类型和效用, 把水生 态系统的服务功能划分为提供产品、调节功能、文化功能和生命支持功能四大类。 水生态系统提供的产品主要包括人类生活及 生产用水、水力发电、内陆航运、水产品生产、基因资源等; 调节功能主要包括水文调节、河流输送、侵蚀控制、水质净化、空气净 化、区域气候调节等; 文化功能主要包括文化多样性、教育价值、灵感启发、美学价值、文化遗产价值、娱乐和生态旅游价值等; 支 持功能是上述服务功能产生的基础, 其对人类的影响是间接的并且需要经过很长时间才能显现出来。 评价中, 将我国陆地水生 态系统分为河流、水库、湖泊、沼泽四个类型, 结合基础数据的可获得性, 建立了由调蓄洪水、疏通河道、水资源蓄积、土壤持留、 净化环境、固定碳、提供生境、休闲娱乐 8 项功能构成的水生态系统间接价值评价指标体系并进行了初步的评价与估算, 结果表 明其总的价值为 6038178×108 元, 相当于供水、发电、航运、水产品生产等水生态系统提供的直接使用价值的 116 倍。 关键词: 地表水; 生态系统服务功能; 生态经济价值; 评价
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2092
生 态 学 报
24 卷
Ch inese terrestria l su rface w a ter eco system s a re con sisted of rivers, reservo irs, lakes and m a rshes. In th is p ap er, the eco logica l services and their econom ic va lues w ere a ssessed and eva lua ted by term s of flooding con tro l, so il and sand tran spo rting, w a ter resou rce sto rage, so il con servancy, environm en ta l p u rifica tion, p roviding w ild life hab ita t, C fixa tion, b iodiversity, and crea tion and tou rism. T he ba se yea r fo r a ssessm en t is 2000. A s a resu lt, the indirect va lues of w a ter eco system services w a s estim a ted a s 6038178 ×108 Yuan RM B , and w a s 116 tim es m o re than their direct va lue (p roduct supp ly) including w a ter supp ly fo r da ily u ses, indu stry and agricu ltu re and o ther econom ic section s, hydro 2pow er genera tion, naviga tion, and aqua tic p roducts. W a ter eco logica l services p lay an even m o re im po rtan t ro le in the society than its p roducts. Key words: su rface w a ter system s; eco system services; eco logica l econom ic va lue; a ssessm en t 文章编号: 100020933 (2004) 1022091209 中图分类号: Q 148, TV 213. 4, X171 文献标识码: A
第 24 卷第 10 期 2004 年 10 月
生 态 学 报 A CTA ECOLO G ICA S IN ICA
V o l. 24, N o. 10 O ct. , 2004
水生态服务功能分析及其间接价值评价
欧阳志云1学院生态环境研究中心系统生态重点实验室, 北京 100085)
基金项目: 国家水利部水利与国民经济协调发展研究资助项目; 国家自然科学重点基金资助项目 (30230090) ; 中国科学院知识创新工程资助项 目 (KZCX22405) 收稿日期: 2004205211; 修订日期: 2004206220 作者简介: 欧阳志云 (1962～ ) , 博士, 研究员, 主要从事系统生态学及生态系统服务功能研究。E2m ail: zyouyang@m ail. rcees. ac. cn Founda tion item: R esearch P rog ram of the M in istry of W ater R esou rces, PRC. (W ater con servancy and national econom y) , N ational Science Key Foundation (N o. 30230090) , Know ledge Innovation Item of CA S (N o. KZCX22405) Rece ived da te: 2004205211; Accepted da te: 2004206220 B iography: OU YAN G Zh i2Yun, Ph. D. , P rofesso r, m ain ly engaged in system eco logy and eco system services. E2m ail: zyouyang @m ail. rcees. ac. cn
S ciences, Ch inese A cad em y of S ciences, B eij ing 100080, Ch ina). A cta E colog ica S in ica , 2004, 24 (10) : 2091～ 2099. Abstract:W a ter eco system services im p ly the na tu ra l environm en ta l condition s and their effectiveness fo rm ed and su sta ined by w a ter eco system and its eco logica l p rocesses, on w h ich, hum an life relies fo r ex istence. T hey no t on ly supp ly hum an society w ith the ba sic resou rces and p roduction, bu t a lso p rovide and m a in ta in the fundam en ta l life2suppo rt condition.