• 專用設備 vs. 泛用設備
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顧客參與
• 自助式服務(self-service) • 產品選擇(買房子)
– 客製化程度
• 時間和地點
– 由顧客決定服務的時間和地點…
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資本密集程度
• 自動化 vs. 人工作業 • 自動化的優點
– 提高生產力 – 改良品質
• 缺點
• 顧客參與(customer involvement)
• 資本密集程度(capital intensity)
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Types of Processes
Product Customer Demand Volume No. of different
products Production
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Break-Even Analysis
$3,000 — $2,000 —
Total cost line
$1,000 —
Total revenue
line
Break-even point
Units
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製程設計之考慮—問題
• 木製椅 vs. 台灣涼椅 vs. 藤椅 • 年需求120 vs. 年需求12000 • 汽車製造廠是否需自製輪胎、座椅、燈具
System Equipment Type of work Skills
Advantages
Disadvantages
Example
PROJECT
Unique One-at-a-time Infrequent Very low Infinite
BATCH
Made to order Few individuals Fluctuates Low to med Many, varied
Paint, chemicals, food
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垂直整合的優點
• 規模經濟 • 品質較能掌控 • 有效利用人力資源設備和空間 • 提高生產效率 • 適合市場需求量大之公司
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資源彈性
• 彈性勞動力(flexible work force)
– 能兼具原本及不同工作崗位之工作量和能力之 員工。
製程規劃的意義
• 指企業在其有限的內部資源及外在因素等 限制條件下，從事生產過程的規劃，規劃 出適合自己公司的製程技術及製程系統， 俾達到以最低的成本及最有效率的方法/技 術來生產出令顧客滿意的產品/服務之品質 。
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製程選擇與系統設計
預測 產品與 服務設計 技術變動
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cv = variable cost per unit p = price per unit
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Solving for Break-Even Volume
TR = TC vp = cf + vcv vp - vcv = cf v(p - cv) = cf
cf v = p - cv
Total revenue = volume x price TR = vp
Profit = total revenue - total cost Z = TR - TC = vp - (cf + vcv)
cf = fixed cost v = volume (i.e., number of units produced and sold)
…？？
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製程設計應考慮之因素
• 物料規格分析 • 產品分析 • 自製或外購分析 • 製程技術的選擇 • 設備選擇 • 製程規劃與分析 • 設備佈置規劃 • 成本因素分析
– 不適合低產出量之作業，其所需投資成本非常 龐大。
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案例
• Maxwell vs. Coffee shop
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Process Selection with Break-Even Analysis
Total cost = fixed cost + total variable cost TC = cf + vcv
Nonrepetitive, Costly, slow,
small customer difficult to
base, expensive manage
Construction, Machine shops,
shipbuilding
printing, bakery
MASS
Made to stock Mass market Stable High Few
CONTINUOUS
Commodity Mass market Very stable Very high Very low
Process industry
Highly automated Mix, treat, refine Equipment monitors Highly efficient large capacity Difficult to change
製程 選擇
產能規劃 設施與設備
佈置 工作設計
2
主要的製程決策
• 製程選擇(process choice)
• 垂直整合(vertical integration)
– 由廠商自己的生產系統或服務設備，操縱處理 整個供應鏈的程度。
• 資源彈性(resource flexibility)
– 指員工和設備在處理多樣化產品、產出水準、 職責和功能的能力。
Long-term
Discrete, job
Project
Varied
General-purpose
Contracts
Fabrication
Experts,
Wide range
craftspeople of skills
Custom work, Flexibility,
technology
quality
Repetitive, assembly lines Special-purpose Assembly Limited range of skills Efficiency, speed, low cost Capital investment, lack of responsiveness Autos, TV’s, fast food