一：前元音：Front Vowels:1./i：/ as in See⏹e: he⏹ie: piece⏹ee: see⏹ei: ceiling⏹ea: sea2．/i/ as in Him⏹i: pinui: buildy: myth3./e/ as in Let❝e: bed❝ea: bread4./æ / as in Backa: map二．后元音.Back Vowels:1./u/ as in Good⏹oo: look⏹oul: could⏹u: put2./u:/ as in Soono: dou: rudeoo: tooou: soupue: glueew: chewoe: shoe3./ɔ / as in Box o: boxa: wantou: coughau: autumn4./ɔ: / as in Horse aw: sawor: horseau: cuasear: waral : fallore: toreoor: dooroar: boardour: fourough: foughtaugh: daughter5./Λ/ as in Cutu : buso : tonoo : bloodou: couple6./ ɑ : / as in Fara: plantar : staral : calmau: aunt三.中元音.Central Vowels1./ə:/as in Firster: herir : bird(w)or：wordur：furear ：heardour: journey2./ ə / as in Again( They are read / ә/ in an unstressed syllable. ) a : aboute: gentlem e nI: possibleo: obligeu: supposear: particularer : betteror : doctorur: murm urou: famousure : figure半元音Semi-Vowels:⏹1. /w/⏹w: we;⏹wh: who;⏹o: one⏹2. /j/y: yearu: usual;ew: few四．双元音合口双元音⏹1./ei/ as in Day ⏹a: cake⏹ai: wait⏹ey: they⏹ea: break⏹2./ai/ as in Fine ⏹i: time⏹y : sky try⏹ei: neither⏹ie: die⏹igh: night⏹eye⏹3./ ɔ i/ as in Boy ⏹oi: oil⏹oy: boy⏹4./au/ as in Now ⏹ou: shout⏹ow: brow⏹5./əu / as in Boat⏹o: note⏹oa: boat⏹ou: soul⏹ow: grow⏹集中双元音⏹1./i ə / as in Here⏹ear: dear⏹eer: deer⏹ier: fierce⏹ere: here⏹2./εə / as in Pair⏹air: fair⏹are: care⏹ear: pear⏹ere: where⏹3./u ə / as in Poorure: pureoor: poorour: tour⏹五辅音（一）爆破音.Plosive Consonants:⏹1. /p/⏹p : paper,⏹pp : happy,⏹Careful: The letter p is silent(不发音) in these words: psychology,pneumonia, receipt, cupboard.碗柜⏹2. /b/⏹b：birthday,⏹bb ：rubber,⏹Careful: The letter b is silent（不发音）in these words: climb, lamb, thumb,comb, bomb, doubt, debt.⏹3. /t/⏹t time,⏹tt letter,⏹Unusual spellings: looked, Thailand⏹Careful: The letter t is silent （不发音）in these words: listen, often, whistle,castle, Christmas,ballet /bæ'lei/⏹4. /d/⏹d: door,⏹dd: address,⏹Careful: The letter d is silent in these words: Wednesday, handsome,handkerchief.⏹5. /k/⏹k: key,⏹c: call,⏹ck : back,⏹cc: accountant, occasion,⏹(cc pronounced /ks/ before e or i: )success, accident⏹Other spellings:⏹ch: school,⏹x: pronounced /ks/: six,⏹xc: excellent,⏹qu ：usually pronounced /kw/: question,⏹Careful: The letter k is silent before n at the beginning of a word: know,knife, knee.⏹q: Iraq⏹que: cheque⏹6. /g/⏹g：garden,⏹gg：jogging,⏹gu：guest,⏹Other spellings:⏹gh：ghost, spaghetti,⏹x ：pronounced /gz/: example,⏹Careful: The letter g is silent in these words: sign, foreign, designer, right,night, thought, daughter, neighbor（二）摩擦音Fricative Consonants:⏹1. /f/⏹f: before,⏹ff : office, difficult,⏹Other spellings:⏹ph : telephone,⏹gh: laugh,⏹2. /v/⏹v：love,⏹Unusual spelling: of⏹Careful: Words ending with the sound /v/ always add the letter e in thespelling. English words do not end in the letter v.⏹3. /θ /⏹th ：think,⏹4. /ð/⏹th：together,⏹Careful: The th in clothes is usually silent.⏹5. /s/⏹s ： sun,⏹ss: class,⏹c: before e, i, or y:notice, cent, city, bicycle,⏹se : house, horse,⏹Other spellings:⏹sc: science, scene,⏹x, xc pronounced /ks/: six, exciting, excellent,⏹Careful: The letter s is silent in these words: island, aisle.⏹6. /z/: zoo,⏹zz: buzz,⏹ze : prize,⏹s: easy, things,⏹se: please,⏹Other spellings:⏹ss: dessert, scissors, possess,⏹x: pronounced Igzl: example,⏹7. /∫/⏹sh : show,⏹In unstressed endings, the sound /ʃ/ often has one of these spellings:⏹ti: information,⏹ci: special,⏹ssi: discussion,⏹Unusual spellings(不常见拼写): sure, sugar, tissue, pressure, machine,champagne, Chicago, ocean⏹8. / ʒ /⏹s：usually Asia,⏹ge：garage, beige, /beiʒ/米黄色的⏹Unusual spelling: seizure ['si:ʒә]没收；夺取；捕获⏹9. /r/⏹r：repeat,⏹rr：correct⏹10. /h/⏹h ：unhappy,⏹Other spelling:⏹wh：who,⏹Careful: The letter h is silent in these words: hour, honest, honor, heir, oh,vehicle, exhausted, exhibit, rhyme, rhythm.（三）破擦音.Affricate Consonants:⏹1. /t∫/⏹ch ：which,⏹tch ：kitchen,⏹Other spellings:⏹t before u: picture,⏹ti after s: suggestion,⏹2. / d ʒ/：Didja {did you); Wouldja {would you); Didncha (didn't you);Doncha {don't you}⏹/d/ + /j/: The sound /d/at the end of a word can be blended with thesound/j/at the beginning of the next word to make the sound /dʒ/.⏹It/ + /j/: The sound /t/ at the end of a word can be blended with the sound/j/ at the beginning of the next word to make the sound /t∫/.⏹j ：enjoy, subject,⏹g before e, i, or y: college, original, psychology,dge ：bridge,⏹Other spelling:⏹d before u: graduate, individual, education,⏹3. /tr/⏹tr: tree⏹4. /dr/⏹dr: dress⏹5. /ts/⏹/t /+/s/: students⏹6. /dz/⏹/d/+s: modes（四）鼻音.Nasal Consonants1. /m/⏹m: maybe,⏹mm : summer,⏹Other spellings:⏹mb: b is silent: comb,⏹mn: n is silent: autumn,2. /n/⏹Sometimes the sound In I makes a syllable without any vowel sound.This is called "syllabic /n/."(自成音节)⏹Syllabic /n / occurs only in unstressed syllables.⏹Syllabic /n/ usually comes after another consonant made with the tip ofthe tongue just behind your top teeth: /t/, Id/, Is I, or Izl. e.g.⏹garden isn't written forbidden doesn't gotten student didn'timportant⏹prison couldn't certainly⏹The word and is often pronounced as a syllabic /n /.⏹790 "seven hundred 'n' ninety"⏹1,120 "eleven hundred 'n' twenty" or "one thousand one hundred 'n'twenty"⏹Main Street and ('n') Central Avenue⏹no noise and ('n') no television⏹n : downtown,⏹nn : beginning,⏹Other spellings:⏹kn: k is silent: Know, Knee, Knife, Knock,⏹gn : g is silent: foreign, sign, design,⏹Careful: The letter n is silent in these words: column, autumn.3. /η/⏹ng : morning, ring,⏹n before /k/: think, uncle,⏹before /g/: finger, angry（五）边音Lateral Consonants: /l/⏹l: late, trouble,⏹ll：call, excellent,Careful: The letter L is sometimes silent when it comes before a consonant: talk, walk, half, could, should, would, yolk, calm, palm.⏹。