Lesson 11.Importance of writing1)help u to reach people in different time and space;2)express yourself more clearly and more accurately;3)organize your thoughts in clear and logical way;4)make a distinction between facts and opinions;5)reflects on your thoughts and feelings;6)enable u to see both the overall picture and minute details of complex issues;7)turn your initial impressions or gut feelings into complex research design;8)seek worthwhile questions;9)establish the relationship between writers and readers10)refine and enrich your ideas based on feedback from readers11)essential job skill2.academic writing(1) Features:1) written for specific audiences;2) present an argument;3) cohesion and coherence;4) formal and no spelling and punctuation errors;3.what makes critical reading?1)Judging the appropriateness of the reading materials;2)Finding materials most relevant to the research topic;3)Avoiding the materials that contain weak arguments;4)Distinguishing between and opinions.4.Requirements of a critical writer1)understanding the requirement of writing task;2)proving or arguing for a point;(introduction, body, conclusion)3)providing a set of contributing arguments;4)considering alternative or opposing views;5)being a critical reader of her or his own writing;6)conclusion drawn naturally and logically from argument;7)contributing something new;PS: things to avoid: 1) being to descriptive and rely too much on summaries and explanations; 2) being biased and blinded by personal misconceptions; 3) sticking to one position blindly.5.Writing process1）Prewriting and outlining;(help to organize idea and generate idea)Free-writing; Questioning (why when where who and how); make the list;Diagramming; preparing a scratch outline2）Writing a first draft;Content first; think about the essay as a whole; consistency (in word, sentence type, tone)3）Revision (change content and structure)Whether the paper is unified (stick to one thing); is my paper supported? Is my paperorganized?4）EditingSentence be parallel; consistent point of view; specific words; active verbs;…Lesson 21.Basic structure of an essay (have no single rule or pattern apply to all essay)1)introduction;providing the background, raising a question or problem; indicating the importance of an issue; ending with a thesis statement.2)main body;topic sentence;supporting sentence: key concepts; examples; explanations; significance;concluding sentence3)conclusionrepeating, restating; summarizing; answer the question; point out the importance;giving consequences; making predictions.2.Topic selectionGeneral principle:1)Interest to u and your reader;2)Meaningful, having academic and practical appeal;3)Manageable, give your time, energy and expertise.Steps:1)Brainstorm to get research topic ideas;2)Read general background information;3)Focus in on your topic (narrow down the topic);4)Make a list of useful keywords;5)Define your topic as a focused research question;6)Formulate a thesis statementAdditions tips:1)Ask why where when who how;2)Avoid topics are too: locally confined; recent; broadly interdisciplinary(跨学科)；popular3.Types of writing (Expository writing\Descriptive writing\Persuasive writing\Narrativewriting)1)Expository writing;Explains or informs. It talks about a subject without giving opinions.Features:(a)subject-oriented;(b)facts and figures needed;(c)no opinions.Key points:(a)explain something in a process;(b)equipped with facts and figures;(c)in a logical order or sequence;when use expository writing: textbook writing; how-to articles; recipes; News stories;business\technique\or scientific writing.2)Persuasive writing;Try to bring others around to your point of view. (to convince, have opinions)Features: contains justifications and reasons or arguments.When use: opinion and editorial newspaper pieces; advertisement; reviews; letter ofLesson 31.Task of an introduction:1)grab attention;2)narrow focus;3)present thesis (main idea);2.six elements included in conclusion:1)original question or hypothesis;2)review of major findings;3)explanations for findings;4)limitations;5)implications;6)further research applications.3.Peer review: evaluation of scientific, academic or professional work by other working inthe same filed.4.Reason for peer review1)Have a broader audience for writing;2)Develop the ability to give the feedback;3)See different approaches and perspectives;4)Develop a more unified and coherent essay5.Ways of making an effective peer review1)Mirroring: writing down what u think the writer intended to communicate2)Being specific in praise and critique (specific suggestion)3)Being sensitive and careful with language4)No being afraid of being subjective5)Balancing the praise and critiqueLesson 41.How to incorporate evidence into academic writing1)summarize;2)paraphrasing;3)direct quote.2.Types of source1)reference sources (dictionaries [give general background information] );2)book;3)popular article;4)scholarly article;5)website.3.Finding the sources1)start from a search engine;2)consult librarians, digital specialist or ur professors.3)Use academic journals or scholarly articles;4)Book5)Use online scholarly databases6)Don’t forget the library;4.Evaluate the sources1)Authority2)Applicability;3)TimelinessLesson 51.Introduction1)a hook; 2)background; 3) thesis statement2.Body1)Topic sentence and main point support it;2) supporting evidence and explanation of points (facts, details )3.Conclusion4.Argument——Counter argument (must have supporting evidence, quote have to claimits sources)5.Planning an outline:1)Choose a topic (it can be broad);2)Decide on your main goal;3)Gather supporting materials;4)Choose a type of outline;6.Patterns of organization s1)Chronological pattern (time);2)Sequential patterns (step by step that describe a process);3)Spatial patterns (how things fit together in physical space)4)Comparisons contrast pattern (two or more things similar or different from eachother);5)Cause-Effect patterns (one event as a result or consequence of some other eventsor actions);6)Problem-solution patterns (divide to two section: problem and solution );7)Topical patterns (different sub-topics within large topic)Lesson 61.Avoiding plagiarism1)what need to be credited(a)word or ideas present in media;(b)information gained from interviewing;(c)exact word or phrase copy from others;(d)diagram, charts, pictures, illustrations or other materials u reprint;(e)electronically-available media2.quoting1)signal (authors’ name; time);2)an assertion (explanation);3) a connection3.paraphrasinguse your owe words and sentence structure, replace two or three words is forbidden.Lesson 71.paragraph structure1)topic sentence;2)support sentence;3)point sentence (restate the main idea);2.how to achieve paragraph coherent1)paragraph unity (sticking to one idea from start to finish);2)sentence cohesion (links: repetition or reference word or traditional transitionalwords);3.transitions expression1)to support, add or continue;2)to compare and contrast;3)to introduce details;4)to show cause and effect;5)to counter;6)to indicate order, sequence or importance;7)to show chronological order;8)to conclude;4.emphatic device1)word levelemphatic pronoun (himself\they…); adverb intensifier (add before the verb, such as very\fully\totally\really…);2)sentence level;(a)coordination and subordination;(b)parallelism;(c)short sentence;(d)repetition;(e)use of the passive;(f)inversion;(g)cleft sentence ( it or that 后加从句)Lesson 81.title include: topic, focus, purpose2.claim (position) + evidence (reasoning) = thesis statement3.pie chart shows the relative proportions (describe the sum\largest\smallest\average);bar chart shows the proportions between independent or dependent variables. (describe the time period\changes\main trends\compare);line graphs shows the data along two axes of variationLesson 91.APA style1)In-text citation:(a)Put an idea: balabalabalaba(Jam, 2009) or According to Jam(20009),balabalabala;(b)Direct quote: “balabalabalabala” (Jam, 2009, p. 203 多页时候用pp)orJam(2009)describe “balabalabalabala”(p. 203);(c)Have two authors: Jam and Jane(2001) balabalbala or balabalabala(Jam & Jane,2001);(d)Have three or five authors:First citation: Jam, Jane and Judy(2001) balabalabala or balabalabala(Jam, Jane,& Judy, 2001);Subsequent citation: according to Jam et al. (2001) or balabalabala (Jam et al.,2010)(e)Six and more authors use et al. both in first and subsequent.(f)If cite the magazines:First: (National Science Foundation, [NSF], 2016);Subsequent: (NSF, 2016)(g)Don’t know authors’ name, cite the book&reports:First: according to the report Risks of teenager driving(2012)…;Subsequent: (Risks, 2012);(h)One author’s different work:(Jam, 1996, 2010) form earliest to recent;Have same date: (Jam, 1996a, 1996b)(i)Multiple works:(Alpha, 2010; Beita, 1997; …)(j)fdsfdsds2)Reference:（a）Book: Author, A. A. (Year of publication). title of work. Location: publisher.（b）Article: Author, A. A. (Year).title of article. Title of periodical, volume number(issue number)连续页没有这个, pages.2.Abstract1)Descriptive: include topic or main idea; overview of purpose. Usually very short.Without conclusion.2)Informative: presents all main arguments and important result. Include purpose,method, conclusion and recommendations.mon structureBackground or purpose; thesis or method; conclusion;Lesson 111.Revise sentence:1)Parallelism: 并列结构前后时态、动名词等关系一致；2)Consistent point of view: 观点前后一致,人称一致，立场一致；3)Actors and actions：4)Concrete and concise;5)Coherent and emphatic。