lexicology题型：1.填空（30*1=30）2.解释（10*1=10）3.主观题（2*10=20）4.分析词汇学现象（10）5.翻译（15*2=30）考点：Chapter 2 Language proper1.Genetic classification p15: English belongs to the Low West Germanic branch of theIndo-European family.2.Structural classification: synthetic language & analytic language p22A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections(变音，转调). An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections.Old English (OE 450-1100)synthetic languageThe history of English begins with the conquest and settlement of what is now England by the Angles, Saxons and the Jutes from about 450 AD.Characteristics of Old English:1)They had complex inflectional systems for nouns, pronouns, articles, verbs, and adverbs.2)They had great flexibility in sentence word order made possible by the extensive sets ofinflections.Middle English (ME 1100-1500)The transitional period from Old English to Modern English is know as Middle English (ME 1100-1500), which is characterized by the strong influence of French following the Norman Conquest in 1066.Middle English developed rapidly toward becoming an analytic language.Modern English analytic languageThe English language from 1500 to the present is called Modern English.Characteristics of Modern English1)Great Vowel Shift ※2)Inflections continued to disappear, making Modern English an analytic language.3)The word order of English sentences became more and more firmly fixed.p.s. 同过OE & ME的characteristics来分析English 是怎样完成从synthetic language 到analytic language 转变的。

3.Four groups of loan words p511.Aliens2.Denizens3.Translation-loans4.Semantic borrowingsp.s.单词给出，请问是从哪里借来的词？注意与foreign elements in the English vocabulary相结合记忆4.Mixed nature of English vocabulary1)Anglo Saxon, Jutes, native English2)Scandinavian p533)French (1066 Norman Conquest) p554)Latin & Greek (Renaissance) p595)colonialism (the British Empire) p296)Other languages (New world, the rise of U.S.)Chapter 3 synonym, antonym, polysemy, homonym, hyponymy1.Synonyms p97 (the source of synonyms)Lexical items have the same meanings. But they could not be identical in meaning, interchangeable in all contexts.Differences between synonyms p1001)Absolute synonyms2)Relative synonymsi)In shade of meaningii)In stylisticiii)In collocationiv)In range of use2.Antonyms p103 (Antonyms are really synonyms ---of a special kind.)Semantic classification：p104 p.s.分清三种反义词1)Contraries :semantic polarity & gradualnessGradualness: Placed at both extremes of a scale. Grading is bound up with the operation of comparison.E.g. Beautiful – ugly (beautiful – pretty – good–looking – plain – ugly)Love – hate (love - attachment – liking -indifference- antipathy –hate)2) ComplementariesComplementarities are mutually exclusive and no possibilities are allowed between them. The assertion of one is the negation of the other and vice versa .E.g. Single - married, male - female, dead - alive, etc.The difference between Grading and complementary:The set of incompatible terms instead of the multiple – term sets.With gradual opposites, the predication of the one implies the implication of the negation of the other:E.g. Wuhan is hot implies Wuhan is not cold.The man is neither rich nor poor. The man is neither alive nor dead.3) ConversivesConversives are a reciprocal social relationship and a contrast of direction. One of the two presupposes the other of the two.E.g. husband /wife, pupil /teacher, above/below, before/after3. Polysymy p108Polysemy refers to the phenomenon in which one and the same word has more than one meaning.RadiationConcatenationA B (A ’) B ’ It is the development by which a second meaning derives naturally from the first, a third from the second, and so on, with the result that the final meaning of the word may differ completely from the original sense.4. Homonymy p111Homonyms are words different in meaning but identical in sound or spelling, or both in sound and spelling.5. Hyponymy p117Hyponymy is the semantic relation in which one word is the hypernym of another.The term Hypernym (super-ordinate) denotes a word, usually somewhat vague and broad in meaning that other more specific words fall under or are fairly encompassed by.A hyponym is a word or phrase whose semantic range is included within that of anotherword.Chapter4 new words & changes in meaning1.The sources of new words p1331)The rapid development of modern science & technology2)Political, economic & social changes3)fashion2.Formation of new words p1611)Creation of new words (including formation by analogy)2)Addition of new meaning to existing words3)Borrowing from other languages3.Archaisms, obsolete words p1754.Four tendencies of Changes in word meaning p1821)Extension/generalization2)Narrowing/specialization3)Elevation/amelioration4)Degradation/ deteriorationp.s.给出词意变化的例子，请下定义。