欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist， one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life， dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideasAristotle Direct observation，theory follow fact， idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I‘ll move the World”Others Diogenes （the Cynics）Pyrrhon（the Sceptics） Epicurus （the Epicureans） Zeno（the Stoics）4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander， king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146B.C.被罗马攻克2.基督教和圣经Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews 定居Pelestine， known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament， 6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。

Jesus Christ生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus，Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。

Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.——100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate，在1382年被John Wycliff翻译成了英语，Greek Bible 叫Septuagint3.中世纪开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败5-11世纪a period in which classical， Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged 1054，教堂分裂为the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church 反击Moslems，开始了Crusades Charles Martel给士兵们estates known as fiefs in 732 St. Thomas Aquinas（Scholasticism）写了 Summa Theologica，这本书sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology他认为feudal hierarchy（层次，等级） of society is God‘s rule The power of feudal rulers is God’s will Pope is Christ‘s Plenipotentiary Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouragedlearning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the venacular Roger Bacon and Experimental Science one of the earliest advocates of scientific research， called for careful observation Dante（但丁）神曲 one of the landmarks of world literature Chaucer first modern poet in English literature4.文艺复兴与宗教改革14th and 17th Century Starting in Florence and Venice Boccaccio the greatest achievement of prose fiction in中世纪Petrarch Sonnet， father of modern poetry文艺复兴早期的艺术家：Giotto forerunner of renaissance Brunelleschi showed a systematic use of perspective Donatello one of the first artists engaged in anatomy Giorgione made happy use of colour schemes to unify his pictures意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家：Da Vinci Michelangelo Raphael Known for his Titian Oil color the most prolific of the great Venetian painters of Western WorldPre-Luther Religious Reformers John Wycliffe chief forerunner of the reformation， took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time in 1382 Jan Hus Czech Religious leader John Calvin 基督教教义one of the most influential theological works Calvinism Rabelais 拉伯雷 french writer Ronsard Pleiade七星诗社代表人法国第一个近代抒情诗人Montaigne 蒙田散文集 French Writer Cervantes father of modern European novel spain Thomas More British writer Shakespeare 作品包括>点击下载>点击下载>点击下载>> crowned literature of England 代表欧洲文艺复兴的最高成就Copernicus The father of modern astronomy 现代天文学之父Vesalius marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy （解剖学） founder of modern medicine Aldus Manutius foremost printer in Italy Machiavelli Father of political science Vosari 1492， Columbus发现了America 1487，Dias发现了the cape of good hope 1497，da Gama发现了the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope5. 17世纪Copernicus 天体运行论 Although he did not belong to the 17th century he was the forerunner of modern medicine Kepler Kepler‘s Law （the three laws of planetary motion）德国 the three laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation Galileo 意大利acceleration in dynamics， the law of inertia，the law of falling bodies动力加速度，惯性定律，落体定律Newton 英国Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understanding： self-conscious（自我意识）conscious（意识）unconscious/subconscious （潜意识）他和牛顿都是caculus的创始人Milton Areopagitica，English revolution Bacon Knowledge is power 英国反对deductive method，创立了inductive method 认为哲学应该与神学分开Hobbes 利维坦 Materialist （knowledge come from experience） Social Contract 英国认为最好的统治方式是monarchy Locke 政治论Materialist views （ideas derived from sensation or from reflection） Social Contract英国在英国革命中有两个领袖，Cromwell 和John Milton Cromwell theman of action John Milton the man of thought 在英国文学史上ranks with Shakespear and Chaucer Descartes 笛卡尔Cartesian Doubt I think therefore I am 法国 it is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and Descartes in France Corneille 高乃依熙得法国第一部古典主义悲剧，表现责任与爱情的冲突Racine the greatest tragic dramatist of French neoclassical theatre 表现情感和理性的冲突Moliere 达尔杜夫愤世嫉俗吝啬鬼the best representative dramatist of French Classical comedies很多科学器械在被发明：microscope，telescope， thermometer， barometer， pendulum 1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament 至高无上的权利法国最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front East Front of the Louvre 英国最著名建筑：St. Paul‘s Cathedral6.启蒙运动the age of reason 18th century intellectual movement starting from France the most important forerunners of the enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke andIssac Newton.Locke‘s materialist theory and Newton’s theory of gravitationMajor force of the enlightenment is French Philosophes18世纪两大著名运动：The American War of Independence（1776）ended British colonial rule over the U.S.独立宣言The French Revolution （1789）ended the French Monarchy and the first French Republic was born in 1792人权宣言French Philosophy and Literature Montesquieu Separation of powers法国启蒙运动的先驱Voltaire most famous of his novels Rousseau one of the greatest figures of French enlightenment Diderot English Literature Pope spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason， translation of Homer， good at heroic couplet 擅长英雄双韵体Defoe one of the greatest fiction writer of the 18th century England 鲁滨逊漂流记Swift the foremost satirist in the English language and one of the satiric masters of all time Henry Fielding Father of the English novelSamuel Richardson The founder of English domestic novel Samuel Johnson editor of 18世纪英国文学最著名的期刊The Tatler 和The Spectator，Addison 和 Steele经常在上面写文章German Literature and Philosophy Lessing German dramastist German classicism Goethe Apprenticeship/Travels> the Greatest German Poets Schiller a founder of modern German literature Kant Waterhead of modern philosophy Propose the nebular hypothesis History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens> reason>The Musical Enlightenment J.S.Bach Christianity Major musicians of the musical Enlightenment Handel 亨德尔being his crowning masterpiece Bach and Handel showed the world Baroque musical architecture at its imposing best The Baroque period was followed by the Classical Period， roughly between 1750 and 1820 Haydn Classical period Viennese school Mozart Beethoven occupy a Pivotal position，leaning in much of his work towards the Romantic Movement in Music7. 浪漫主义 Romanticism late 18th and early 19th century starting from the ideas of Rouseau in France and from the Storm and Stress Movement in Germany The enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise：the French Revolution and the Industrial revolution New economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book ，which laid the theoretical groundwork for capitalism. Romanticism in Germany The Storm and Stress Movement prepared the way for European Romanticism Goethe combined Romanticism with Classicism It was Love and Intrigue that made Schiller the best dramatist for the Storm and Stress The Jena School：Schlegel Brothers，Novalis and Tieck Heine：海涅在1836年发表>，宣告浪漫主义在德国文学中的统治地位的结束Romanticism in England Blake：The Lakers：Wordsworth and Coleridge Byron： is considered his masterpiece the fact that the poet died for the Greek causes made him more respected his poem expressed an ardent love of liberty and a fiercehatred of tyranny Shelley noted for his lyrics Keats famous for his sonnets Walter Scott Romanticism in France Chateaubriand ：Victor Hugo：法国浪漫主义文学的最重要的作家。