Review exercises of Chapter OneType1:Judge the following statements T(rue) or F(alse):T 1.Linguistics studies not any particular language , but language in general.F 2.A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.T 3.In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation.F 4.General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models andmethods applicable in any linguistic study.T nguage is a simple entity with multiple layers and facets.F 6.Phonetics deals with how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning.F 7.Morphology and syntax study the same aspect of language.T 8.The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.T nguage is a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.F 10.Sociolinguistics has nothing to do with language or society.T 11.Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive , but sometimes prescriptive.T 12.Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar .Ｆ13.A synchronic study of language is a historical study.F 14.Traditional grammar regards the spoken language as primary , not the writtenlanguage.T 15.The writing system of any language is always a later invention, used to record the speech.Ｆ16.The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.F nguage is vocal because the primary medium is sounds for all languages.F nguage is entirely arbitrary.F19.Productivity is unique to animal language.Ｔnguage is culturally transmitted while animal call systems are genetically transmitted.F 21.Linguists must be able to speak several languages in order to study them.F 22.Linguists are judges, they know what is right and what is wrong about language.Ｔ23.When we say synchronic descriptions of a language are prior to diachronic descriptions, we mean in describing one state of the language , some knowledgeof its previous state is unnecessary.F 24.In linguistics study, linguists first work out a theory about language structure,then, test it with language facts.T nguage is arbitrary by nature but it is not entirely arbitrary.T26.Animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of callsF 27.peculiar to their species, while human beings haven’t this genetic basis.Ｆ28.No nonhuman communication system is arbitrary.T 29.A linguist should be as objective as possible in his description and analysis of language facts.Type2:Fill in the following blanks:⏹ 1.Human capacity for language has a （genetic）basis, but the details of languagehave to be taught and learned.⏹ 2.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of （ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ）.⏹ nguage is a system of （ａｒｂｉｔｒａｒｙ）（ｖｏｃａｌ）（ｓｙｍｂｏｌｓ）used for humancommunication.⏹ 4.In professional usage, the （ｌｉｎｇｕｉｓｔ）is a scholar who studies languageobjectively.⏹ 5.If a linguistic study describes and analyses the language people actually use, it issaid to be（ｄｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｖｅ）. If it aims to lay down rules for correct behavior it is saidto be（ｐｒｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｖｅ）.⏹ 6.Charles Hockett specified （ｓｅｖｅｎ）design features of human language . themost important features are （ａｒｂｉｔｒａｒｉｎｅｓｓ），（ｄｕａｌｉｔｙ），（ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ），（ｉｎｔｅｒｃｈａｎｇｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙ），（ｄｉｓｐｌａｎｃｅｍｅｎｔ），（ｓｐｅｃｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ），（ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ）, etc.⏹nguage is a system which consists of two sets of structures, one of (form) andthe other of (meaning).⏹nguage can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker, that means language has the feature of (displacement).⏹9.“ A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”. This s entence means thatlanguage has the feature of (arbitrariness).⏹10.Writing is a secondary language form based upon (speaking).⏹11.The reason why an English speaker and a Chinese speaker are not mutuallyintelligible is because language is culturally (transmitted).⏹12.(Arbitrariness) means that language can be used to refer to things whichpresent or not present , real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or infar-away places.⏹nguage is a system consisting of two ______ structures, or two levels.⏹nguage is a system of (arbitrary) vocal symbols used for humancommunication.⏹15.Chomsky defines (competence) as the ideal speaker’s knowledge of the rules ofhis language.⏹16.(Pragmatics ? Performance) refers to the realization of langue in actual use. ⏹17.Modern linguistics gives priority to the (spoken) form of language.⏹18.The description of a language as it changes through time is a (diachronic) study.⏹19.(Psycholinguistics) relates the study of language to psychology.⏹20.Linguistics is generally defined as the（scientific or systematic）study oflanguage.Type3: Multiple Choice:⏹For example: The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning incommunication is ___A ____.⏹ A. morphology B. general linguistics⏹ C. phonology D. semantics⏹ 1.A scientific study of language is conducted with references to some ___C__ oflanguage structure.⏹ A. data B. general theory C. facts D. hypotheses⏹ 2. ___A ___ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.⏹ A. Psycholinguistics B. Applied linguistics⏹ C. Socio-linguistics D. Anthro-linguistics3. The __D__ study of language studies the historical development of language over a periodof time , it is a historical study. A. synchronic B. descriptive⏹ C. prescriptive D. diachronic⏹ 4.Modern linguistics focuses on the present-day language , it will be possible todescribe language from __B___ point of view. A. sociological B. synchronic⏹ C. diachronic D. psychological⏹ 5. The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the distinctionbetween ___D__.⏹ A. prescriptive and descriptive B. synchronic and diachronic⏹ C.speech and writing D. langue and parole⏹ 6.“Language is a purely human and non-linguistic method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols” is a definition oflanguage made by___D___.⏹Hall B. Chomsky C. Hockett D. Sapir⏹7. C. Hockett, who specified the design features of language , is a (n)__C___linguist.⏹ A. French B. Swiss C. American D. Canadian⏹8. A linguist is interested in __A___ primarily.⏹ A.speech sounds only B. all sounds⏹ C. written language D. general theory.⏹9.Chridren can speak before they can read or write shows that__A__.⏹ A. language is basically vocal B. language is arbitrary⏹ C. language is used for communication D. language is productive⏹10. Which of the following words is not entirely arbitrary? C⏹ A.crash B. typewriter C. bang D. fish⏹11.Neither “iolk” nor “ a he girl” is accepted to be well construc ted in English .Thisindicates that language is__A___.⏹ A. rule-governed B. not arbitrary C. not produced D. vocal⏹12.No one has ever said or heard “A black polar bear is playing in a small hotel with anAfrican gibbon”, but one can say it when necessa ry , and he can understand it in theright register . This shows the __B__ nature of language.⏹ A. arbitrary B. productive C. displaced D. culturally transmitted⏹13. When a dog is barking , you can decide it is a barking for something or at someonethat exists now and there . It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or a bone to be lost.This indicates the language nature of__D__.⏹ A. arbitrariness B. productivity C. duality D. displacement⏹14. Duality or _ D__ makes a person to talk about anything with his knowledge.⏹ A.lower level of language B. higher level of language⏹ C. basic level of language D. double articulation of language⏹15. “Three ”in English , “arbre” in French and “Baum” in German all refer to the samething . “a type of plant with a wooden trunk and branches”. This indicates that __B___.⏹ A. language is vocal B. language is arbitrary⏹ C. language is productive D. language is culturally transmitted⏹16. The study of language as a whole is often called___A___.⏹ A. general linguistics B. sociolinguistics⏹ C. psycholinguistics D. applied linguistics⏹17.The study of language meaning is called ___C___.⏹ A. syntax B. morphology C. semantics D. pragmatics⏹18. The description of a language at some point in time is a __B___study.⏹ A. diachronic B. synchronic C. descriptive D. prescriptive⏹19. ___D___ made the distinction between langue and parole.⏹ A. Chomsky B. Sapir C. Hall D. Saussure⏹20. Which of the following is NOT the design features of human language? B⏹ A. Arbitrariness B. Performance⏹ C. Duality D. Displacement⏹21.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of some practicalproblems, the study of such application is known as __C__ .⏹ A. anthropological linguistics B. computational linguistics⏹ C. applied linguistics D. mathematical linguistics⏹22. ___B___ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of aspeech community.⏹ A. Parole B. Langue C. Speech D. Writing⏹23. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a goodillustration of the__A __ nature of language .⏹ A arbitrariness B. productivity C. duality D. cultural transmission⏹24. Which of the following is NOT a major branch of linguistics? D⏹ A. Phonology B. Syntax C. Pragmatics D. SpeechPart two: Speech sounds⏹ 1. If the two sounds are in complementary distribution, they are _B__ of the samephoneme.⏹ A. symbols B. allophone C. phones D. signs⏹ 2. When a speech sounds changes and becomes more like another sound whichfollows or proceeds it, it is said to be ___B__.⏹ A. nasalized B. assimilated C. aspirated D. voiced⏹ 3. A minimal pair can be illustrated by __C___.⏹ A. sip/sheep B. bread/breast C. same /shame D. breath/breathe⏹ 4. If two speech sounds are in constructive distribution, they__D__.⏹ A.represent two phonemes B. are allophones of the same phonetic features⏹ C.have exactly the same phonetic features D. do not appear in the same environment ⏹ 5. Minimal pair can be exemplified by__B___.⏹ A. moon/noon B. food/foot C. she/sheet D. sea /seePart I. Indicate the following statements true or false.T 1. Of the two media of language, speech is more basic than writing.2. The unlimited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and ofinterest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language.T 3. Phonetics studies the phonic medium of a certain language.F 4. Only highly trained phoneticians can produce the same speech sounds.T 5. The vowel [e] can be described as front, semi-open and unrounded.F 6. The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are all lax vowels.T 7. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in all human languages form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.F 8. Phoneticians found that a dark [l] often occurs all the end of a word after avowel or before a consonant and a clear [l] often occurs after a consonant.T 9. In English , pill and bill are a minimal pair, and so are pill and till, pin andping.F10. The phoneme /p/ and /b/ can occur in the same environments and theydistinguish meaning, therefore they’re in phonetic complementary distribution.F 11. The sequential rules in English can apply to all the other languages. Forexample, the velar nasal [ng] never occurs in initial position in English nor inChinese.F 12. Nasalization is not a phonological feature in English, that is, it does notdistinguish meaning.Part II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word.1. The natural or primary medium of human language is (spoken language) for some obvious reasons.2. (Speech) and (writing) are the two media by natural languages as vehicles for communication.3. Phonetics looks at sounds from (three) distinct, but related pointof view.4. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established anduntil recently the most highly developed is (phonetics).5. (Acoustic) phoneticians try to describe the physical properties ofthe stream of sounds which a speaker issues.6. (Speech) is made up of continuous bursts of sounds.7. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained inthree important cavities. They are(the pharyngeal cavity the throat) (the oral cavity the mouth) (the nasal cavity the nose).8. The first point where sound modification may occur is (larynx).9. Vowels may be distinguished as _____ _____ _______.10. If, in making a vowel sound, the organs of speech remain inone position without moving to another, the result is a _____. Ifthe organs of speech start in the position for one vowel and thenimmediately glide to the position of another , the result is a_________.11. All English sound except [m], [n], [ng] are made with the palate (lowered).12. IPA indicates (international) (phonetic) and (alphabet).13. An initial classification will divide the speech sounds into twobroad categories: (vowels) and (consonants).14. The basic unit in phonology is (phoneme).15. Conventionally, a phoneme is put in (slashes) while phones are put in __brackets______.16. An aspirated p ; an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are (phones) of the P (phoneme).17. The allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in (complementary) distribution.18. In English, there are two kinds of stress. They are (word stress) and (sentence stress).19. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentencerather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as (intonation).20. English has 4 basic types of intonations , they are (the falling tone), (the rising tone) , (thefall-rise tone) and (the rise-fall tone) .Part III. Decide which one would be the best answer to the questions or best complete the sentence.1.The principal sources of the modifications of the air stream is __A____.A. tongueB. palateC. teethD. velum2. The pharynx refers to the space of cavity between the larynx and the end of the ___D____.A. tongueB. hard palateC. soft palateD. vocal cords3. A sound produced when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration is said to be ___C_____.A. resonantB. voicelessC. voicedD. vowel4. The obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the sound ___A____.A.[t] and [d]B. [k] and [g]C. [p] and [b]D. [θ] and [th]5. __D__ are sounds articulated by the back of the tongue against the soft palate.A. palatalsB. dentalsC. alveolarD. velars6. The sounds [sh], [j] are the results of raising the front of the tongue towards the __A____.A. hard palateB. soft palateC. uvulaD. velar7. When the obstruction, complete at first, is released slowly with the friction resulting from partial obstruction , the sounds thus produced are ___A___A. affricatesB. fricativesC. liquidsD. alveolar8. In the case of vowel sounds, the ___A___ and the mouth cavities are changed by the shape and position of the tongue and lips.A. noseB. larynxC. pharynxD. uvular9. The phoneme is an abstract __B__ unit.A. phonicB. phonologicalC. phoneticD. grammatical10. The sound k and g are separate __ B____ .A. allophonesB. phonemesC. morphemesD. allomorphs.11. In linguistics, __B__ is focused on.A.acoustic phoneticsB. articulatory phoneticsC. auditory phoneticsD. non of the above12. Vowels are distinguished from consonants by__C___.A. absenceB. presenceC. modificationD. both A and B13. Consonants are described in term of __D___.A. place of articulationB. manner of articulationC.voicingD. all of the above14.Diphthongs are characterized by__A___A. glidingB. voicingC. aspiratingD. stress15. A phoneme is a __D___ unit . It is _______.phonetic , abstract B. phonological, concretephonetic, concrete D phonological abstract16. __D___ form a minimal pair.A. bet/beltB. beat/betC. beat/feetD. both B and C17.The feature that distinguishes “a greenhouse ” and “a green house” is ___B____.A. toneB. stressC. intonationD. aspiration18. Phonology is concerned with the sound system of language , it studies the D__ of the speech sounds. A. importance B. functioning C. necessity D. aspects19. A phoneme is an abstract , distinctive and __C___.A phonemic contrast B. phonetic distinctionC. complementary distributionD. minimal pair20. Stress, tone and intonation are called __D__ features.A. segmentalB. vocalC. speechD. supra-segmental21. __C___ deals with the production and classification of speech sounds.A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Auditory phoneticsC. Articulatory phoneticsD. Phonetics22. The initial sound in___C___ is a velar stop.A. tapB. capC. gapD. hap23. The IPA came into being towards the end of the __A___century.A.nineteenthB. eighteenthC. seventeenthD. sixteenth24.__A___ is a monophthong.A. [i]B.[au]C. [ei]D.[ai]25.___C___is a voiced alveolar stop.A. [b]B.[k]C.[d] D[g]26.__D___ is a voiced labiodental fricative.A.[f]B.[r]C. [l] D . [v]27.The __C___ is the most flexible , and is responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other organs of speech.A. lipsB. nasal cavityC. tongueD. oral cavity28. Liquids are classified in the light of __A____.A. manner of articulationB. place of articulationC. place of tongueD. none of the above29. In English , there is only one glottal. It is ___B____.A.[l]B.[h]C. [k]D. [f]30.The phonetic symbol for “voiced , labiodental, fricative” is ___A___.A.[v]B.[d]C. [f]D. [m]31.The difference between [u] and [u:] is caused by __C_____.A. the openness of the mouthB. the shape of the lipsC. the length of the vowelsD. none of the above32.What kind of tone is used when what is said is a straightforward matter-of-fact statements?BA. The rising toneB. The falling toneC. The fall-rise toneD. None of the above33. In a sentence, which of the following is usually NOT stressed ? CA. NounsB. Demonstrative pronounsC. Personal pronounsD. All of the above34.Which of the following is a typical tone language? BA. EnglishB. ChineseC. FrenchD. All of the above35. Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in __B___.A. phonemic contrastB. complimentary distributionC. minimal pairD. none of the above36.The sound [v] can be described as __A__.A. voiced, labio-dental , fricativeB. voiceless, labio-dental , affricateC. voiced , alveolar, fricativeD. none of the abovePart V. Answer the following questions in English.1. What is the difference between a monophthong and a diphthong?2. How can consonants be classified?3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?。