一．主语：主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)，是句子所述说的主体。
它的位置一般在一句之首。
可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。
1 A tree has fallen across the road.2 He told a joke but it fell flat3 Three is enough.4 The old are forced to work5 To find your way can be a problem6 Smoking is bad for you7 The disabled are to receive more money8 From Shatian to Guidong was a two-hour ride9 Whenever you are ready will be fine.二．谓语谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。
谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词＋主要动词）构成。
句子中用来说明主语的动作或存在的状态的部分，叫谓语。
谓语一般位于主语之后，谓语中最重要的部分是谓语动词，它有时态、语态和语气的变化，并受主语人称和数的影响；1、行为动词占动词数量的绝大多数，具有明确的动作意义,行为动词分为不及物动词和及物动词，不及物动词本身词义完整，可以独立作谓语，及物动词本身词义不完整，必须后跟宾语共同作谓语；2、连系动词(link v.)，起连接主语和表语的作用，本身有一定的词义，但是较弱，它和实意动词一样有时态和语态的变化，也受主语的人称和数的影响。
连系动词可分为两大类：1）表示存在的连系动词，如：be，keep，look, smell, taste, sound, feel, remain(仍是，保持), seem(好像)，lie(处于)，appear(呈现)等; 2）表示变化、形成的连系动词，如：become, get, turn, fall（变成），come(实现)，grow(变成)等。
3、助动词(aux v.),用以帮助行为动词和联系动词，构成各种时态、语态、语气，或构成疑问、否定、强调等句子结构；常见的助动词有：be, do, have, will ( shall )。
助动词一般无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和行为动词或联系动词共同作谓语动词。
４、情态动词情态动词又被称作情态助动词，有一定的词义，主要用来表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度或看法，表示能力、允许、请求、必要、可能、需要等。
初中阶段出现的情态动词有：can / could, may/might, must, shall/should,思考英语五大句型1 主语＋联系动词＋表语”2 主语＋不及物动词3 主语＋及物动词＋宾语4 主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语5 主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语三表语表语在句中用来说明主语的身份、性质、特征、状态、职业、内容、数量、（动作）方向或处所等。
表语一般位于连系动词之后，二者共同构成谓语。
可以担任表语的有：名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、动名词、数词以及从句（表语从句）等。
例如1 Mr. Black is a worker2 Those flowers are nice3 ----Who is it?--- It’s me.4 My job is teaching English5 My aim is to become a doctor6 Mike is from England7 Bill is not here，he is out8 The telephone number is 33321179 That’s why I want to stay here四宾语句子中，表示谓语动词动作对象的成分叫宾语，宾语是动作的承受着。
英语中，及物动词（或相当于及物动词的短语动词）、介词后须带宾语，少数形容词后也可以带宾语。
可以担任宾语的有：名词、代词、数词、动词不定式（短语）、动名词、名词化的形容词以及从句（宾语从句）1 We couldn’t finish the work without his help2 Yesterday, Tom’mother looked after him at home3 Give me three, please!4 Ｉlike to play basketbal5 I enjoy listening to music very much.6 We must help the poor7 I want to know what color is her favorite.△几个常见加the后可以名词化的形容词是：poor, rich, young, old，happy, blind, beautiful等。
△宾语从句应特别注意的三要素是：时态、语序、连接词。
△少数能跟宾语的形容词有：happy, glad, nice, sure, certain, surprised, pleased, aware, afraid, proud, sorry, worried, ashamed等。
△直接宾语和间接宾语：He gave me an interesting book.＝He give an interesting book to me.Please bring me some snacks.＝Please bring some snacks to me.Mother told me a story last night.＝Mother told a story to me last night.My uncle often teaches me English songs.＝My uncle often teaches English songs to me.△复合宾语英语中，一些及物动词的宾语须在其后加上一个补足语，对其进一步作补充说明，意思才够完整和明确，该补足语即叫宾语补足语。
宾语和其补足语一起构成复合宾语，二者之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。
能担任宾语补足语的有：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式和分词（现在分词、过去分词）。
例如：We must keep our classroom clean. (形容词，Classroom和clean之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,即：Our classroom is clean.)We call the bird “Polly”.(名词)(the bird和Polly之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，即：The bird is Polly.)Our teacher told us to do Exercise One. (动词不定式短语)(us 的主格we 和to do Exercise One之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，即：We should do Exercise One.)She always thinks others above herself. (介词短语)(Others is always above herself.)I brought my dog here. (副词，My dog was here.）I saw Jack playing under a tree. (现在分词短语，Jack was playing under a tree.）In one place I saw children working for a cruel boss.三、定语修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子，叫定语，也称之为名词的修饰语。
与现代汉语的定语都是前置的所不同的是，英语的定语可以前置，也可以后置。
独立的单词作定语时，习惯上放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语；短语或句子（定语从句）作定语时，应放在被修饰的词后面，作后置定语。
能担任定语的有：形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格（’s 或 of …）、分词（短语）、动名词（短语）、动词不定式（短语）、介词短语、冠词以及名词性从句（定语从句）。
例如：１、冠词Mr. Smith gave me a book..２、形容词The beautiful picture was drawn by a famous artist.３、代词Our teacher is coming.(形容词性物主代词)Which book is mine.(疑问代词)４、数词Mike has two brothers.(基数词)Jim sits in the third row.(序数词)５、名词The apple trees were planted 3 years ago.The women doctors are from Beijing.Group One are girl students and Group Two are boy students.We met some men workers in the factory.６、名词所有格Mary’s brother is an engineer.These are some photos of my father.(名词所有格作后置定语，爸爸本人的片)These are some photos of my father's.(名词所有格作后置定语，爸爸收藏的照片) ７、副词The people there are very friendly.(地点副词作后置定语)The newspaper today is sold out.(时间副词作后置定语)Would you like anything else?（后置定语）８、介词短语The boy under the tree is Jack. (介词短语作后置定语)I'd like to write an article about teenagers around the world.Now children in cities and villages can get a good education.Canada is a country with a lot of snow in winter.９、分词The destroyed bridge was rebuilt last winter. (过去分词)I know a boy called Tom.（过去分词短语作后置定语）The flying birds are moving towards the south because of the coming winter. (现在分词)The car running in the playground is my uncle's.(现在分词短语作后置定语) It shows that the population in developing countries is larger than that in developed countries.I lived in a small mountain town called Fairmont.１０、动词不定式At last, we had nothing to eat but a little water.(动词不定式作后置定语) In the 1960s, few children had the chance to receive a good education.She has two children to take care of.(动词不定式短语作后置定语)They worked day and night and never had enough food to eat.１１、动名词I often go to the reading room in the evening.(动名词)The habit eating too much is not good for your health.(动名词短语作后置定语) １２、定语从句I know the 2 boys who broken the window yesterday.(定语从句)△后置定语的使用情形：使用情形典型示例１、短语作定语时应后置。