8 Mutagenecity
Substances that interfere with DNA or RNA functions Point mutation Chromasome mutation Genome mutation

Other effects
Teratogenic effects Carcinogenic effects Miscellaneous toxic effects

2 Hepatoxicity
Liver bear the toxic substances,first-pass effect Liver damage includes inflammation, necrosis, Damage or changes in various organelles such as ER, mitochondria

3 Nephrotoxicity
Kidney has more chance for toxicity because 20-25% blood out of heart pass through kidneys. Changes of pH value in kidney renders some substances more toxic

7 Allergenicity
Allergy: acondition whereby body tissues of sensitive persons react to allergens which have no effect on nonsensitive persons similarly exposed. Differences between allergic reactions and toxic response:
Chapter 4 Manifestations of toxic effects
In this chapter, we will learn:
1 The concept of allergenicity 2 The types of syndromes following toxicity Period 2
Cyanide poisoning in the heart Severe hypotension Diminish in brainblood supply②
Oxidants such as nitrites interfere with oxygen transport③ Fe2+ Nitrites [O] Fe3+ methemoglobinemia The three effects above may cause oxygen scarceΒιβλιοθήκη Discussion

1 Tell out the definition of allergenicity 2 Tell out the differences between allergenicity and toxicity 3 Give some factors causing oxygen shortage. 4 Tell out the types of gene mutation. 5 Give out two ways causing reproductive toxicity.

(2) Damage to neuronal structures (3) Interference with neurotransmission (4) Damage to central nervous system (5) Loss of integrative functions
6 Reproductive toxicity
Indirectly: affecting hormones originating outside the reproductive organs Directly: affecting eggs, sperms, surporting tissues and structures Syndromes: infertility

1 Neurotoxicity

(1) Damage to blood-brain barrier
Cardiac arrestor rupture of critical blood vessels
Hemorrhage or thrombosis

Decreased blood supply①

4 Hematotoxicity
Anemia Methemoglobinemia Polycythemia pancytopenia

5 Skeletal toxicity

Interference with bone metabolism
Hormones Radioactive and other toxic metals