第一章第一课Part 4 PassagesPassage 1 How Casual Is Too Casual?Listen to the passages and check each statement True or False.1. F2. T3. T4. F5. TScriptHow Casual Is Too Casual?Thirty years ago, most people in the United States, Canada, and Europe didn’t think about what to wear to work in an office. Men always wore suits and ties. Women wore suits or conservative skirt outfits. But in the 1990s, that started to change.It began with ―casual Fridays‖. During the summer, some companies invited their employees to ―dress down‖ or wear more casual clothes to work on Fridays. The policy quickly became popular with employees. After this, it didn’t take long for employees to start dressing more casually every day of the week.Many employees welcomed the new dress policy and the more comfortable work environment that came with it. Etiquette had definitely changed, and suits and ties were rarely seen in many offices. Some employees went as far as wearing jeans, T-shirt, and sneakers to the office.Then some people began to change their minds about casual dress at work. Many managers felt that casual dress had led to casual attitudes towards work. Now the etiquette for dress in many companies is beginning to change back again.Passage 2The Origin of SaluteListen to the passage twice and fill in the blanks with the missing information.1. uncertain2. in late Roman times3. his right hand raised4. weapon5. a way of showing respect6. touching the hatScriptThe origin of the hand salute is uncertain. Some historians believe it began in late Roman times when assassinations were common. A citizen who wanted to see a public official had to approach with his right hand raised to show that he did not hold a weapon. Knights in armor raised visors with the right hand when meeting a comrade. The practice gradually became a way of showing respect and, in early American history, sometimes involved removing the hat. By 1820, the motion was modified to touching the hat, and since then it has become the hand salute used today.Passage 3 Cultural MisinterpretationsListen to the passage. Then answer the following questions.1. Because he was most concerned about the index number.2. The Canadian takes the great concern as distrust.3. Because he assumed unconsciously that the Canadian was more similar to hisChinese employees.ScriptMr. Wang, the Chairman of Board of Directors of a Chinese firm, told a story on CCTV program "Dialogue" of how he once almost lost a valuable Canadian employee working for him in Vancouver. He emailed every day to the Canadian, inquiring for the index number he was most concerned about. To his great astonishment, his Canadian employee turned in his resignation after a week. Mr. Wang was puzzled how he could do that to him as he gave such great attention to his job. A Chinese employee would have been more than happy if his or her boss had showed such great concern for him or her. He then found out that, unlike Chinese employees, the Canadian took what meant great concern to Chinese as distrust. But Mr. Wang assumed unconsciously that the Canadian was more similar to his Chinese employees than he actually was and treated him just as he treated any Chinese employee.第二课Part 3 Nonverbal CommunicationsPassage 1 Right on TimeListen to the passage. Check True, False or No Information with tick（√）.Key: 1. False 2.False 3. True 4. True 5. No information 6.FalseScriptEveryone knows that different cultures have different ideas about punctuality. But one country – Ecuador – is trying something new.A group called Citizens’ Participation has found that being late costs the country about $724 million each year. They report that more than half of all public events, as well as many government appointments and social activities, begin late. The group is trying to make people aware of punctuality and reminding them to be on time. The government, including the Ecuadorian president, is supporting the effort.Hundreds of Ecuadorian organizations and companies have signed agreements to be on time. Posters have been put up that remind people: ―If you’re late, someone else is waiting.‖ One newspaper prints a list of government officials who arrive to events late.The campaign has generally been well-received by the Ecuadorian people and it seems to be working. Many businesses have reported that more meetings are now beginning on time.Passage 2 Seating ArrangementListen to the passage. Fill in the blanks with the missing information. You may use what you hear or summarize it based on your understanding.1. seated or stand beside them2. at the ends of the table3. as if they are on trialScriptCulture influences the manner and meaning in seating arrangements.In the United States, they tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them. This pattern also influences how they select leaders when in groups: in most instances, the person sitting at the head of the table is chosen as the leader. Leaders usually are accustomed to being somewhat removed physically from the rest of the group and consequently choose chairs at the ends of the table.In China, seating arrangements take on different meanings. The Chinese often experience uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from someone. It makes them feel as if they are on trial.Passage 3 Eye Contact Is Also a LanguageListen to the passage, and answer the following questions.1. If a person tries to avoid eye contact in a conversation, the other person may think that person is dishonest.2. In some Asian cultures such as Japan, students will often avoid making eye contact with their instructors as a sign of respect.3. No4. Japan, China and IndonesiaScriptThe study of communications sent by the eyes is also a way of communication. What the eyes communicate often depends on the culture. In the United States, it is usual for people to maintain eye contact. If a person tries to avoid eye contact in a conversation, the other person may think that person is dishonest. In some Asian cultures such as Japan, students will often avoid making eye contact with their instructors as a sign of respect.Students in a business communication class at a Mid-South university were asked to test the concept of gaze and eye contact in the United States by maintaining steady eye contact with a person in the car next to them when they stopped at a traffic light. Responses varied from obscene gestures to making faces to returning the gaze. Students concluded that US persons are very uncomfortable with prolonged eye contact.In other cultures, there is little direct eye contact. The Japanese direct their gaze below the chin; they are uncomfortable with maintaining direct eye contact throughout the conversation. People in China and Indonesia also lower the eyes as a sign of respect, feeling that prolonged eye contact shows bad manners.第二章第一课Part IV Disease and TreatmentPassage 1 Parkinson’s DiseaseListen and circle the right answer to each question.1. D2. BScriptParkinson’s disease is a progressively disabling disease marked by trembling and increasing stiffness of the muscles. The onset of this disease is gradual, which makes it difficult to diagnose in its early stage. Trembling usually begins in one or both hands; eventually the thumb and forefinger may show a rapid repetitive movement. In addition to muscular rigidity, other symptoms include slow body movement, poor coordination, and unbalance. A shortening of muscles along the front of the neck tends to bend the head and spine forward, while the lack of animation in the face creates a mask like expression.As these symptoms worsen, chronic fatigue, mental confusion, and speech impairment may develop and the person with Parkinson’s may find it impossible to walk unassisted ly.Passage 2 Laughter Is the Best MedicineFill in the blanks with the information you hear.1. heart attacks2. disease3. average4. oxygen5. estimated6. Laughter can even help improve your memory.7. Just read something humorous or watch a funny video.ScriptThere’s a saying in English: ―Laughter is the best medicine.‖ Now studies suggest that this saying might really be true.Everyone knows that stress is bad for your health. It can give you headaches. It can cause heart attacks and other serious medical problems. When we laugh, our stress is reduced. Then the body is able to fight disease better.People who laugh a lot have lower blood pressure than the average person. When a person laughs, his or her blood pressure goes down. When this happens, breathing becomes deeper, sending more oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Also, laughter pushes out more air from the lungs than it takes in, which helps to clean out the lungs.Laughter is good exercise, too! Some doctors have estimated that a person can burn as many calories by laughing as by riding an exercise bike for several minutes.Laughter can even help improve your memory. When you laugh, your muscles relax and psychological stress is reduced. This keeps the brain alert and allows you to remember more information.Some doctors are beginning to prescribe laughter along with certain medications and a healthy diet. It’s easy to include laughter in your daily schedule. Just read something humorous or watch a funny video. And who knows — it might save your life!Passage 3 Race and DiseaseListen to the passage. Then check the following statements True or False.1. False2. False3. False4. TrueScriptResearchers have found more evidence that suggests a relationship between race and rates of lung cancer among smokers. A new study shows that black people and native Hawaiians are more likely to develop lung cancer from smoking. It compared their risk to whites, Japanese-Americans and Latinos.The study, however, found almost no racial or ethnic differences among the heaviest smokers. These were people who smoked more than thirty cigarettes each day.Other comparisons have shown that black people are more likely than whites to get lung cancer from smoking. But the scientists say few studies have compared the risks among native Hawaiians, Asians and Latinos.Researchers at the University of Southern California and the University of Hawaii did the new study. The New England Journal of Medicine published the findings.The eight-year study involved more than one hundred and eighty thousand people. They provided details about their tobacco use and their diet as well as other information. They included current and former smokers and people who never smoked. Almost two thousand people in the study developed lung cancer.Researchers say genetics might help explain the racial and ethnic differences. There could be differences in how people's bodies react to smoke. But environmental influences, including the way people smoke, could also make a difference.Last June, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved a drug designed to treat heart failure in black patients. The name is BiDil. The agency called it "a step toward the promise of personalized medicine."第二课Part 3 Get to Know Some Health MattersPassage 1 The Sleep Problems in AmericaListen to the passage about sleeplessness in America. Then circle the correct answers.1. C2. B3. B4. AScriptA new report says an estimated fifty million to seventy million Americans have sleep problems. It says many more are suffering from lack of sleep.A group of sleep research organizations asked the Institute of Medicine to study the problem. The institute is part of America's National Academy of Sciences. The study examined why we need sleep, the effects of sleep loss and other sleep disorders. A fourteen-member committee carried out the study. The Institute of Medicine reported their findings earlier this month.Harvey Colten of Columbia University in New York City led the study. He says sleep disorders are not recognized enough by the general public and the medical community.The report says too few researchers are studying sleep disorders. It also says too few health care workers are trained to identify and treat the problem.The report says American businesses lose more than one hundred thousand million dollars a year because of tired workers. Some employees are too tired to report for work. They have accidents or are less productive at work. Other costs included increased visits to doctors.The study found that twenty percent of injuries caused by serious car accidents are linked to sleepy drivers. Alcoholic drinks were not linked to the accidents. Other studies have linked poor sleep to an increased risk of health problems like heart disease, depression and unhealthy amounts of body fat. Researchers say the reason for this link is unclear.Many experts say a good amount of sleep is as important to health as diet and exercise. They say most people need seven to nine hours of sleep each night. Less than that can interfere with mental and physical abilities. It can lead to more serious problems, including severe sleeplessness. People with this condition temporarily stop breathing while they sleep.Researchers involved in the study are suggesting a number of steps to help prevent sleep disorders. They suggest a campaign to inform the public about the problem. They want increased education and training among health care workers. And they are calling for new technology to identify and cure sleep problems.Passage 2 The Chronic DeseaseListen to a passage about chronic diseases. Answer the following questions briefly.1. cancer and lung disorders2. two-thirds3. poorer, wealthier ones4. medical treatment and lost productivity5. alcohol and tobacco to young peopleScriptChronic diseases are the leading cause of death in the world. Yet health experts say these conditions are often the most preventable. Chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer and lung disorders.The World Health Organization says chronic diseases lead to about seventeen million early deaths each year. The United Nations agency expects more than three hundred and eighty million people to die of chronic diseases by the year two thousand fifteen. It says about eighty percent of the deaths will happen in developing nations.The W.H.O. says chronic diseases now cause two-thirds of all deaths in the Asia-Pacific area. In ten years it could be almost three-fourths. People are getting sick in their most economically productive years. In fact, experts say chronic diseases are killing more middle-aged people in poorer countries than in wealthier ones.The W.H.O. estimates that chronic diseases will cost China alone more than five hundred thousand million dollars in the next ten years. That estimate represents the costs of medical treatment and lost productivity. Russia and India are also expected to face huge economic losses. It says deaths from chronic diseases have increased largely as the result of economic gains in many countries.Health officials say as many as eighty percent of deaths from chronic diseases could be prevented. They say an important tool for governments is to restrict the marketing of alcohol and tobacco to young people. Also, more programs are needed to urge healthy eating and more physical activity.U.N. officials aim through international action to reduce chronic-disease deaths by two percent each year through two thousand fifteen. They say meeting that target could save thirty-six million lives. That includes twenty-five million in Asia and the Pacific.Passage 3 Anesthesia in OperationListen to the passage about Anesthesia, and then check True or False.1. False2. False3. True4. FalseScriptAnesthesia is used during operations and other medical procedures to block pain signals from traveling through the nervous system. The kind of anesthesia that patients receive depends on their condition and the kind of procedure they need.Local anesthesia is used to make a small area of the body lose feeling. Usually, local anesthesia is for minor procedures, like fixing a tooth or closing a wound. The person remains fully awake.General anesthesia makes a person fall asleep. This is known as being "put under". The drugs are injected into the blood or breathed as gas. General anesthesia also blocks memory.People are not supposed to remember an operation when they wake up. In rare cases, they do. The Mayo Clinic says patients may have a sense of their surroundings during about one-fifth of one percent of all operations. It says they generally do not feel pain, but may wish to talk to a mental health provider if the memories trouble them.An anesthesiologist is a doctor specially trained to give anesthesia. During an operation, the anesthesiologist will observe the patient's heart rate, blood pressure and amount of oxygen in the blood. A breathing tube may be put into the person's windpipe to aid breathing.There are, of course, risks to anesthesia. People can have different reactions to the drugs. Mistakes can happen. But medical experts say the safety of anesthesia has greatly improved.第三章第一课Part 4 PassagesPassage 1 Paoding Carves up a CowComplete the sentences. Circle the correct answers.1. Dao2. the skeletal structure3. neither hacked nor choppedScriptOne time, a butcher named Paoding was commissioned to butcher a cow for King Hui. As he worked, his movements were graceful and faultless. The sound of the knife between the bones was like a whisper in the night. When Paoding was finished, the cow didn’t even know it was dead. The king said ―Your skill is amazing‖. Paoding said: ―It was nothing really. When I butcher a cow, it’s not skill that I use, it is the Dao. When I first took up the bu tcher’s trade, what I saw was the whole cow. But after I had been at it for a few years and butchered a good number of cows, what I saw was no longer the whole cow, but just its skeletal structure. Ever since then, I stopped using my eyes and used my mind instead, to intuit my way around the cow. The good cook changes knives every year, because he merely chops but doesn’t hack. Because I neither hack nor chop, I have used this same knife for 19 years, and it’s still like new. My knife glides in and out betw een the bone joints, moving as it pleases; so, the cow suffers no pain and in the end, doesn’t even know it is dead.‖ The king was enlightened. He understood the good way of living one’s life. The complexities of life are like the skeletal structure of the cow, and those who don’tunderstand how to approach them end up running around in circles, wasting all their energy.Passage 2 The Beginning of StampsListen to the passage and fill in the blanks with the missing information.1. put forward2. postage3. nearby4. envelopes5. seals6. collect7. deliverScriptRowland Hill, a schoolmaster in England, was the first to put forward a proposal to use stamps. He thought it would be much easier for people to use stamps to cover postage. They could go to the nearby post office to buy stamps and put them on envelops before they sent the letters. The post office could simply put seals on the stamps so that people could not use the stamps again. In this way, the post office did not need to send postmen to collect postage. It only needed to send postmen to deliver letters. That was a good idea and the government finally accepted it.Passage 3 “Dry” CleaningListen and check each statement True or False.1. False2. False3. False4. True5. True6. True7. FalseScriptDespite its name, dry cleaning is actually not a dry process. Clothes are washed in liquid chemicals, but without water, and that is why the process became known as dry cleaning. But who came up with this idea, and how did it happen?The invention of dry cleaning was an accident. In 1855, a Frenchman named Jean Baptiste Jolly made a discovery: a lamp filled with kerosene fell on a greasy cloth in his home. Kerosene is a type of oil that burns well. When the kerosene dried, the cloth was cleaner where the liquid had been.Based on this discovery, people began to use chemicals to clean clothes. But most of these chemicals, such as kerosene and gasoline, could easily catch on fire, so dry cleaning was very dangerous.In the 1930s, people started to use a new chemical called perchloroethylene, or perc for short. This chemical didn’t catch on fire easily, so it was much safer than the earlier ones. It is still used today by most dry cleaners.第二课Part 3 PassagesPassage 1 Book of the MonthListen and then match each sentence beginning to the correct ending. You will not use all of the sentence endings.1. g2. i3. a4. f5. d6. cScriptHome and Family magazine talked to Pamela Darby, author of the new book TimeManagement. Here’s some of the advice that she gives:Make time for special treatments and things you enjoy is important. You make time for a lot of things that you don't enjoy, like work and housecleaning. Choose something that you really like to have done, make an appointment, and go. You could get your nails done or have someone massage your back. The important thing is to choose something that you enjoy having done.Accept offers of help. People are so used to doing things on their own, that they don’t think abou t letting people help them. If someone asks, ―How can I help?‖ tell them what you need done! For example, if you’re planning a class party for one of your children, get some of the other parents to bring food. When someone offers to watch the kids, let them do it.But, you don't have to wait for people to offer to help. Assign responsibilities to other family members. Have your spouse drop off the dry cleaning on the way to work. Get your kids to help around the house. Even young children can be responsible for certain tasks, such as putting away their toys or setting the table.Passage 2 The Beginnings of Mass ProductionListen to the passage and then complete each sentence by filling no more than two words from the passage you hear in each blank.1. scientific management2. tasks3. item4. car manufacturerScriptUntil the early twentieth century, the normal method of manufacturing was that one person produced a whole item. This system was transformed by Frederick W. Taylor, an American engineer who developed the theory of scientific management. His aim was to make factory work as fast and efficient as possible: increasing workers' productivity in this way would mean that large quantities of goods could be manufactured cheaply.Taylor recommended that the manufacturing process should be broken down into tasks, and that workers should specialize in particular tasks, instead of making the whole item. Through this division of labor, each worker would become very good at certain activities. Henry Ford, the American car manufacturer, was the first industrialist to base production on Taylor's ideas. Although this approach keeps production costs to a minimum, it has been blamed for making factory work boring.Passage 3 Lost LuggageFill in the blanks with the missing information.1. destination2.passengers3. inconvenience4. resign5. unlikely6. identification7. enclosed8. colored9. bargain 10. leftoversScriptApproximately one airline passenger in every thousand arrives at their destination to find that some or all of their baggage has not arrived with them. For many passengers this means a wait of hours or days, with all the associated inconvenience, whilst the missing item is being located and forwarded. Others, less fortunate still, have to resign themselvesto the fact that their bags are actually lost and, as the days turn into weeks, face the fact that they are unlikely ever to see them again.To prevent loss, or at least assist recovery, passengers are urged to make sure that identification tags are secure and up-to-date, an itinerary with addresses is enclosed and that bags are distinguishable from others of the same make. Airlines recommend the use of colored tape or large elasticated straps made specifically for this purpose.Lost or delayed luggage actually costs the world's airlines over £6 billion per year. They get some of this back, however, by selling off those lost items which are never claimed by their rightful owners. After months of intensive tracking, airlines send hopelessly lost luggage to companies which sort the contents and then put them on sale at bargain prices. At one such company in Alabama, the leftovers of flying are laid out in a vast store, which has itself now become an attraction for tourists from all over the world. Who knows, they may even come across some of their own stuff.第四章第一课Part 4 Some Tips on How to Choose a CareerPassage 1 Job Advertisement (Workbook P41, item 20需录音)Listen to the job advertisement. Check the qualities that are important for the job.□ artistic talent√ management skills√ good communication skills√ experience in a similar position√ organizational ability√ computer skills□ mathematical□ compassion√ common sense□ manual dexterityScriptADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT TO DIRECTORThis is an exciting opportunity for a talented individual. The successful candidate will work with high-level individuals in the company. Responsibilities include managing the director’s calendar and commitments, managing special projects, serving as the director’s representative to other offices and individuals, and supervising the administrative staff. This position requires 5+years in a senior-level executive/administrative position. Experience and strong knowledge in a variety of computer software applications is also required. The successful candidate will be quick-thinking, flexible, and have common sense. He/She will have strong organizational skills and attention to detail. He/She should also have excellent oral and written communication, problem-solving andproject-management skills.Passage 2 Improving Your Interview (需要录音)Listen to the passage and match the correct response to each question. You will1. a2. e3. d4. cScriptCongratulations! You have a job interview. Here’s how to do your best:PrepareBefore the interview, read the job description and think about how your skills, abilities, and experience match the requirements of the position. Decide how you’ll explain that information.Dress the partAlthough employees of many companies wear casual clothes to work, you should dress formally for an interview. Always wear a suit to look professional.Arrive on timeMake sure to arrive on time or a few minutes early. Most interviewers agree: There’s no excuse for being late.Don’t be too friendlyAn interview is a professional meeting. You should be energetic and enthusiastic, but not informal.Use good communication skillsListen to questions carefully. Before you give your answer, make sure that it’s a correct response to the question.Ask questionsIt’s important to ask questions in an interview. It shows your interest in the position and in the company. Listen to what is said during the interview and ask for additional information later.Maintain the three C’sIt’s OK to feel nervous — inside. But on the outside, you need to stay C ool, C alm, and。