第六章科技英语翻译English for Science and Technology(EST)第一部分Part OneProcedures of today:•An overview of EST•Characteristics of technical terms （科技英语词汇特点）•Characteristics of the EST syntax （科技英语句法特点）•Principles of translating EST•Assignments•―It appears that you’ve got the offer of a very good job.‖―A wonderful job.‖―Are you going to take it?‖―I don’t think so.‖―Why not?‖―I don’t want to.‖•―听说有个很好的工作要你去干。
‖•―挺好的工作。
‖•―打算干吗？‖•―不。
‖•―为什么不干？‖•―不想干。
‖•She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank open countenance and an innocent, different manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about.•那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格，一张坦率开诚的面容，一种天真羞怯的神气。
一双大落落的柔顺眼睛，里边隐藏着无穷的心事，只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情观察的人才看得出来。
•MONTREAL –Clark Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four-point first period outburst, to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6—4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.•【蒙特利尔电】在全国手球联赛中克拉克·约翰斯今晚初试锋芒，引起轰动。
上半场领先4分，首开纪录。
克拉克发挥中坚作用，约翰逊市高帽队终以6：4击败蒙特利尔市小鸭队，创造了连胜八场未负一场的战绩。
•The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig. 2. The full-scale reading of the meter alone maybe 15 volts. With the multiplier 150 volts may be acquired to move the pointer to full-scale, 135 volts across the multiplier and 15 across the meter.•如图2 所示，采用一种称为倍增电阻的串联电阻器即可扩大伏特表的量程。
量表单独使用时的满刻度读数可以为15伏。
倘有倍增电阻，指针偏转到满刻度的读数可达150伏，其中倍增电阻两端之间的读数为135伏，表头内的读数为15伏。
An overview of EST•科技英语是从事科学技术活动时所使用的英语，是英语的一种变体（科技文体）。
•科技文体泛指一切论及或谈及科学和技术的书面语或口语，具体包括：•科技散文：如科技论述、科技论文、实验报告及科技情报资料等•科技应用文：如科技使用手册等•科技口语：如涉及科技问题的会议、会谈及交流用语，科技影片和录像等有声资料的解说词等。
•文体特征：文体质朴，行文规范，陈述客观，逻辑性和专业性强Characteristics of technical terms ：科技英语的词汇特点（一）•大量使用专业术语•词性转换多（几乎每个技术性名词都可转换为同义的形容词）常用词汇专业化Eg. eye, ear, mouth, nose, hand, finger, foot, head, neck, body, hair, tooth孔环，吊钩，开度，喷嘴，手柄、指针，厚薄规，支座，冒口、刀架，座，机身，游丝，粗糙面同一词语词义多专业化Eg. phase 分段（土壤学），相（物理学），相位（电工学），位相（数学），型（动物学），周相（天文学），战斗阶段（军事学）广泛运用构词法创造新词•广泛运用构词法创造新词Useful Dictionaries:•Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English word formation, word beginnings and word endings•Longman Dictionary of English Roots 《朗文常用英文词根词典》•A Dictionary of English Word Roots 刘毅，《英文字根字典》，北京：外文出版社，2000.Characteristics of technical terms ：科技英语的词汇特点（二）•名词化（Nominalization）•抽象名词、动名词e.g. the discovery of electromagnetic wave= to discover electromagnetic wave电磁波的发现the generation of electricity by friction= to generate electricity by friction 摩擦生电•名词连用（Expanded Noun Premodifiers ―扩展的名词前置修饰语‖）e.g. pressure difference 压强差voice recognition equipment 声音识别设备water pump valve 水泵阀•名词为中心的动词词组表达动词概念e.g. make use of 利用keep watch over 密切注视give no evidence of 不足以说明Characteristics of EST syntax( 科技英语句法特点)•大量使用长句和逻辑关联词•大量使用名词化结构,缩短句子长度•广泛使用被动语态，强调事物本身，体现客观性•多用一般现在时和完成时，过去时可用来表达不同的时间顺序•大量使用非限定动词•广泛使用后置定语Syntax Characteristics of EST 1•大量使用长句和逻辑关联词,显得正式、严谨•原因：because of, due to, owing to, as, as a result of, caused by,•转折：however, but, yet, nevertheless, otherwise,•顺理连接：hence, consequently, accordingly, so, furthermore, in addition to,•限制：only, if only, expect, besides, unless,•假设：suppose, assuming,•The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations, and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.•为了解释光学现象，人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质。
这种尝试的结果，最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向振动的介质的具体实例，但后来人们得出了这样一个明确的结论：并不存在具有上述假定所认为的那种物理性质的发光介质。
Syntax Characteristics of EST 2•大量使用名词化结构•Archimedes first discovered the principle that water is displaced by solid bodies. •Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. •阿基米德最先发现固体排水的原理。
•In the mean time, the development of the needed prediction methods requires the interactive use of experimental and analytical means.•同时，要求将实验手段和理论分析的方法结合起来，通过这种途径来建立起所需要的预估方案。
•The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the changes from day to night.•地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化。
Syntax Characteristics of EST 3•广泛使用被动语态•We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance. We measure capacitance in farads.•Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It is measured in farads.•电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。