ngue:refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of aspeech communityLangue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.2.Design feature:are features that define our human languages, such asarbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, cultural transmission, etc.3.Synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but notnecessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind4.Arbitrariness:one design feature of human language, which refers to the facethat the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.5.Duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property ofhaving two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary. Level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.6.Displacement:one design feature of human language, which means humanlanguage enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present c in time and space, at the moment of communication.petence:language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.8.Prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history.Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language use.9.Phoneme:the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in aparticular language.10.Assimilation:the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacentsound, which is more specifically called.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation. 11.Connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of theentity a word denotes.12.Reference: the use of language to express a proposition, meaning the propertiesof the entity a word denotes.Reference: the use of language to express a proposition,i.e. to talk about things in context.13.Sense: the literal meaning of a word or an expression, independent of situationalcontext.14.Linguistic determinism: one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, i.e.language determines thought.15.Parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances).16.Interlinguage:the type of language constructed by second or foreign languagelearners who are still in the process of learning a language,i.e.the language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.17.Transfer: the influence of mother tongue upon the second language. Whenstructures of the two languages are similar, we can get positive transfer of facilitation; when the two languages are different in structures, negative transfer of inference occurs and results in errors.18.Perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something, it’sthe consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.19.Hyponymy: a relation between tow words, in which the meaning of one word (thesuperordinate) is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)20.Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme (eg. <Th>is an allophone of/t/in English. When /t/occurs in words like step, it is unaspirated<t>.Both<Th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/.21.Error analysis: is the process of determining the incidence, nature, cause andconsequence of unsuccessful language22.Utterance: 1.A spoken word, statement, or vocal sound 2.The action of saying orexpressing something aloud the simple utterance of a few platitudes 3.An uninterrupted chain of spoken or written language23.Interference: a process more commonly known as negative transfer, whichoccurs when an L1 patter is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language.24.Predication analysis: is a way to analyze the meaning of sentences. A sentence,composed of a subject and predicate, is a basic unit for meaning analysis is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence25.Cohesion: refers to the way in which text “hang together”; to the resources withinlanguage that help relate ideas and information and make links between different parts of a text26.Polysemy: words have two or more than two senses27.Speech act: refers to an action performed by the use of an utterance.28.Linguistics: generally, it is defined as the scientific study of the language29.Phonetics: is the study of production of speech sounds30.Semantics: is generally defined as the study of the meaning of linguistic units. tobe more specific, the meaning with which linguistists are concerned is defined as linguistic semantics语言学考试围1. Does the traffic light have duality? Explain the reasons.2. IC analyzes the sentence structure with brackets or a tree diagram.Lovely Jane ran away.3.What are Leech’s seven types of meaning?Conceptual meaning. Connotative meaning. Social meaning.Affective meaning. Reflected meaning. Collocative meaning.Thematic meaning4.What are the differences between modern linguistics and traditionalgrammar?5.Explain surface structure and deep structure.6.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?7.What are the four maxims of the CP?8.Analyze the structure of a syllable. Give one example to illustrate.9.Explain the two terms “sense” and “reference” and what is theirrelationship?10.W hat are the differences between errors and mistakes?What are the major views concerning the study of meaningWhat are the major views concerning the study of meaning?(1) The naming theory命名论----One of the oldest notions converning meanings, and also a very primitive one, was the naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words,the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or label for things.命名论是最原始的语义理论，该理论是把词看作所指事物的名称。