高级口译和专八阅读以及文化常识必读。
想过专八的同学和想过高口的同学，本文当成扫盲课，每周温习一遍。
坚持3个月，成人文专家。
1、Two major elements in European culture: the Greco-Roman/ Judeo-Christian2、Democracy means: ―exercise of power by the whole people‖, but by ―the whole pe ople‖, the Greeks mea nt only the adult male citizens, and citizenship was a set of rights w hich a man inherited from his father, women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded, they have no rights.3、Homer epics: the Iliad / the Odyssey4、Drama developed in the 5th century B.CTragedian 悲剧作家Aeschylus希腊的悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯—Prometheus普罗米修斯bound/ Persians / Agamem non阿伽门农, 特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅Sophocles—Oedipus[希神]俄狄浦斯the king / Electra / Antigone[希神] 安提歌尼(底比斯王俄狄普斯之女, 因违抗禁令而自杀身亡)Euripides欧里庇得斯(希腊的悲剧诗人)—Andromache / Medea美狄亚(希腊神话中科尔喀斯国王之女, 以巫术著称, 曾帮助过伊阿宋取得金羊毛) / Trojan 特洛伊womenComedist 喜剧作家Aristophanes—Frogs / clouds / Birds wasps5、PhilosophySocrates苏格拉底: Dialogues <谈话录> 他坚持的观点是人类的美德是一种知识，因此一切恶行都是无知的结果。
Plato柏拉图: Dialogues对话录/ the Apology / Symposium (dealing with beauty and love) / the RepublicPlato’s philosophy is called idealism理想主义, 唯心论.Aristotle亚里斯多德: Ethics 伦理学/ Politics / Poetics诗论/ Rhetoric修辞学重点What should be man’s aim in life? Aristotle’s answer was happiness, but not happines s in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reaso n, goodness and contemplation沉思.6、Cynics 犬儒主义P29Diogenes第欧根尼：希腊哲学家，哲学犬儒学派奠基人，强调自我控制和推崇善行。
说他曾提着灯在雅典大街漫步寻找诚实的人, decided to live like a dog and the word ―cynic‖ means ―dog‖in Greek, he rejected all conventions –whether of religion, of manners, dress, ho using, food, or of decency.7、Roman history P38The year 27 B.C divided the history of Romeinto two periods: before then, Romehad been a republic, in that year, Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustu s. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extend, encircling the Mediter ranean地中海, reaching Scotland in the north and spreading into Armenia and Mesopotami a in the east. The emperors relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions古罗马军团(约有3000至6000步兵,辅以数百名骑兵) and an efficient bureaucracy官僚机构to exert t heir rule, which was facilitated by a well developed system of roads. Thus the Roman enjo yed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history know as the pax Roman罗马帝国统治下的和平.8、 Virgil维吉尔(古罗马诗人,公元前70-公元前19)The greatest of Latin poets, wrote the great epic, 作品the Aeneid《埃涅伊德》.9、About Bible P52The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the old Testament旧约全书and the new Testament. The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter, th e doctrine教义of Jesus Christ, the word＂Testament＂means ―agreement‖ –namely the agre ement between God and man.10、Rise of Christianity P73At the heart of Christianity is the life of Jesus: how he lived and died to redeem救赎the whole human race.Why Jesus be crucified十字架钉死?Jesus propagated传播the faith about God—men should believe in God and love him and b ehave like God’s children and love another. ―everyone is equal‖ before God.In AD 30, in Galilee, Jesus was regarded as被认作a dangerous man that threaten the cliq ue派系in power. At the end of three years, he went with his disciples信徒to Jerusalem耶路撒冷for the Passover逾越节, but was betrayed by Juda. Jesus was rushed to trial and cr ucified as a revolutionary preacher and dangerous reformer.11、Translations of the Bible P86Aramaic dialect 亚拉姆语Hebrew 希伯莱Vulgate edition 拉丁文圣经12、What’s means code of Chivalry骑士制度? P94As a knight, he was pledged誓言to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal t o his lord and respect women of noble birth贵族出身. These rules were known as a code of Chivalry.13、基督教是如何成为合法的唯一宗教并被尊为国教P76Constantine康斯坦丁大帝, who won war between rivals for the throne君主and the empero r of Roman. He believed that God had helped him in winning the battle, issued the Edict of Milan in 313. It granted准予religions freedom to all, and made Christianity legal.In392 A.D, emperor Theodosius made Christianity, the official religion of the empire and o utlawed宣布...为不合法all other religious.14、 The crusades 十字军名字的由来？为什么东征及东征的意义P99To express their religious feelings, many people in the middle Ages went on journeys to sa cred神圣的places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was J erusalem耶路撒冷. But in 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who u nlike the Arabs attacked the Christian pilgrims 朝圣者，killing many of them and sold man y others as slaves. New of this kind roused 激起great indignation among Christians in west ern Europe. The result was a series of Holy wars圣战called crusades十字军东侵which we nt on about 200years. All the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics束腰外衣as symbol of obedience顺从to God.Significance:1*although the crusades did not achieve their goal to regain theHoly land, they had an imp ortant effect on the future of both the east and west. They brought the east into closer con tact with the west, and they greatly influent on history ofEurope.2*crusades helped to break down feudalism封建主义.3* the crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention.15、National Epics P105The epic was the product of the Heroic Age古希腊的― 英雄时代‖1*Beowulf (700~750A.D), an Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁-撒克逊人epic.2* Song of Rolan罗兰之诗—about 12th A.DIt is the most well-known of a group of French epics knows asLa Chansonde gestes. P11116、Dante但丁Alighieri , Italy, greatest poet. The divine comedy《神曲》P11817、Renaissance文艺复兴means? 14th~mid 17th P129The word ―Renaissance‖ means revival,specifically in this period of history, revival of inte rest in ancient Greek and Roman culture.Subject: humanity人权/ Christianity神权18、文艺复兴时期的新文学Giovanni Boccaccio卜伽丘, Decameron《十日谈》,其中收集了以逃避黑死病为忧郁背景的1 00个故事，100 tales told by on their way to escape the black death of 1348, the tales are witty, licentious放荡的, full of praise of true love and wisdom and also satire讽刺文学on the hypocrisy伪善of the priest and the aristocrat贵族.19、Martin Luther路德，马丁：(1483-1546) 德国神学家、欧洲宗教改革运动的领袖。