English Lexicology
Chapter 1
1.5 Classification of words 词的分类
依据不同的划分标准，可将英语词汇划分为不同的类别。
首先，根据使用频率（use frequency），可将英语词汇划分为：
1.5.1 Basic word stock & nonbasic word stock
Basic word stock is the most important part and the foundation of English vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language (语言的共核).
基本词汇是全民族活动共同的和基本的核心词汇，是语言中使用得最多、生活中最必需、意义最明确、生命力最强的词汇。
基本词汇所占比例不大，但在日常交际中使用频率却很高。
基本词汇的六大特征Six characteristics
（1）All national character.
The most important feature.
denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us.
（2）stability
（3）productivity
（4）polysemy
（5）collocability
全民性、稳定性、能产性、多义性、可搭配性
但是，数词、代词、助动词、介词、连词等并不具备全部五种特征。
Though numerals and pronouns enjoy nation-wide use, they are semantically monosemous, with low productivity and collocability.
不属于基本词汇的7种词（words do not belong to the common core of the language）（p14）:
1.terminology术语
2.jargon行话
3.slang俚语
4.argot黑话
5.dialectal words方言词
6.archaisms古语词
7.neologisms新词语
根据概念（notional）标准，英语词汇可以划分为内容词和功能词。
1.5.2 Content words and Functional words
实义词Content words
denote clear notions（表示明确的概念）, thus are also known as notional words. They include: nouns, verbs, adj, adv., num.
特点Characteristics of Content words: 是词汇的主体、数量庞大、不断增长continuously increasing in number
功能词Functional words
定义do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words (虚词）.主要功能: express the relation between notions, the relation between words and sentences. Also called form words.
特征：稳定、数量少。
范围：They include prep. Conj., auxiliaries, articles, etc.
根据词汇的来源（origin）划分，英语词汇分为本族词和借词（外来词）：
1.5.3 Native words and borrowed words P17
Native words are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the German tribes. Characteristics of native words:
除了全民性、稳定性、能产性、多义性、可搭配性外，还有两个特征：
（1）neutral in style, i.e., not stylistically specific; neither formal nor informal
（2）frequent in use.
Borrowed words/ loan words/ borrowings are words taken over from foreign languages. English is a heavy borrower.
English borrowings constitute 80% of the modern English vocabulary.
Therefore, English is noted for its remarkable complexity and heterogeneity(多相性) of its vocabulary (cosmopolitan vocabulary).
外来词的分类Classification of borrowed words：
根据借词的方式及其同化程度（degree of assimilation），英语的借词可以分为四类：
（1）Denizens 古借词
Words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into English.
They are borrowings from Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavians.
（2）Aliens 原音借词
Borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. （3）Translation-loans翻译借词
Words and expressions formed from the existing material in English but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.
可分为意译词（translated according to meaning）和意译词（translated according to sound）。
（4）Semantic-loans 语义借词
These words are not borrowed with reference to the form, but meanings of the words. That is, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language. For instance, dream originally meant ‘joy, music’, its modern meaning is borrowed from the Norse (古挪威语).
Major Points in this chapter
1．Definition of word
2．Relation between sound and meaning
3．Relation between sound and form
4．Definition of vocabulary
5．Classification of words
Basic word stock
Use frequency nonbasic vocabulary
Content words
Notion functional words
Native words
Origin Borrowed words。