倒装英语的正常语序是“主语 + 谓语”,即主语在前,谓语在后。
有时为了强调句子结构的需要,把谓语的一部分或全部放在主语之前,主语和谓语出现倒置形式。
倒装又可分为完全倒装和部分倒装。
将谓语动词完全移到主语之前的称为完全倒装,也叫全部倒装; 只将助动词、be动词或情态动词放到主语之前的称为部分倒装。
一、完全倒装1. 完全倒装是将谓语全部放在主语之前,此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。
*Up went the rocket into the air.嗖地火箭就飞上天了。
*Inside the classroom are the students and the teacher.老师和学生在教室里。
等简短副词或above, away, in, out 等方位副词于句首,谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run等动词。
*Then came another question. 接着又一个问题提出来了。
*Look, here comes the taxi. 瞧,出租车过来了。
表示地点的介词短语(如on the wall, under the tree, in front of the house, in the middle of the room 等)放在句首时。
*Under a big tree sat a little boy. 一个小男孩坐在树下。
South of the lake lies a big supermarket. 湖的南边是一个大超市。
【注意】这种倒装中,主语必须是名词,主语是人称代词时,主语和谓语语序不变。
*In he came and the lesson began.他走进来开始上课。
铃一响，学生就冲出去了。
Hearing the bell ring, out rushed the students .Hearing the bell ring, out they rushed.(2)表语置于句首时,倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。
*Present at the meeting was Mr Green, a headmaster with his friends.校长格林先生和他的朋友们出席了会议。
Seated on the ground are a group of young people.坐在地上的是一群年轻(1) In front of the house stopped a police car.房子的前面停着一辆警车。
(2) Here is the letter you have been looking forward to.你盼望已久的信在这儿。
(3) Gone are the days when women were looked down upon.妇女受歧视的日子一去不复返了。
二、部分倒装1. 部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分,如助动词或情态动词,移至主语之前。
*Little did he know who the woman was.他不太知道那个女的是谁。
*Only in this way can you master English.只有这样你才能掌握英语。
2. 常见的部分倒装的结构。
(1)含有否定意义的否定词或半否定词包括短语(如never, neither, nor, little, seldom, rarely, hardly, scarcely, few, not, no, by no means, in no way, at no time等)放在句首时。
*Little did I dream of seeing such wonderful scenery.我做梦也没想到会看到这样美妙的景色。
*Never shall I do this silly thing again.我再不会做这种傻事了。
【注意】● 1.“Not only+分句,but also+分句”句型中的前一分句要部分倒装。
*Not only can he speak English, but he can also speak Japanese fluently.他不但会讲英语,而且还能流利地讲日语。
● 2. 表示“刚/一……就……”的倒装句型。
*Hardly had the game begun when it started raining.比赛刚刚开始就下起了雨来。
*No sooner had he arrived in Rome than he was kidnapped.他刚到罗马就遭到了绑架。
*Scarcely had I come in when the phone rang.我刚刚一进去,电话就响了。
● 3. Not until 句型直到我妈回来我才有手机上传作业。
I didn’t get the mobile phone to upload the assignment until my mother came back.It was not until my mother came back that I got the mobile phone to upload the assignment.Not until my mother came back did I get the mobile phone to upload the assignment.直到新冠消除我们才会上学。
Not until the coronavirus is wiped out will we go back to school.● 4. in no time 放在句首要倒装吗？(2)副词 only修饰状语置于句首时。
*Only then did he realize the importance of his family.只有在那时他才意识到家人的重要性。
*Only in this way can you solve this problem.只有用这种方法, 你才可以解决这个问题。
*Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get back to work. 直到1918年战争结束,他才能回去工作。
只有他能回答这个问题。
*Only he can answer the question.(3) as引导的让步状语从句(as可以换成though)。
a. 表语(形容词/名词)+ as+ 主语+ 系动词*Famous as he is, he is easygoing.尽管他很有名气,但他很平易近人。
*Child as/though he is, he knows a lot.尽管他是个孩子,但他懂得很多。
b. 副词+ as+主语+谓语动词*Hard as he tried, he couldn’t pass the exam.尽管他努力了,他还是没有通过考试。
c. 动词原形+as+ 主语+ might/may*Try as she may, she won’t pass it.尽管愿意再试,她还是不会通过的。
【注意】实义动词放在句首时,其他助动词放在主语后。
*Try as I might, I could not lift the stone.我用尽力气,可还是举不起这块石头。
(4)“so. . . that. . . ”和“such. . . that. . . ”结构中的so或such位于句首时。
*So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.光运行得非常快,我们几乎无法想象它的速度。
*Such a lovely toy did he buy me that I was very thankful to him.他给我买了这么可爱的一个玩具,我非常感激他。
(5)在虚拟条件句中,从句的谓语含有were, had 和should这三个词时,可省去if,将这些词移至主语之前构成部分倒装。
如果我是你,我不会让这么好的一个机会溜走的。
*Were I you(=If I were you), I wouldn’t have such a good chance slip.如果明天下雨,我们就待在室内看书。
*Should it rain tomorrow(=If it should rain tomorrow), we would stay indoors reading books.要是你参加了毕业典礼,我就会见到你了。
*Had you attended(=If you had attended) the graduate ceremony, I should have seen you.(6)so作“也”讲时,引导的句子用倒装语序,表示前面所说的也适用于另一个人或事物,表示“……也(不)是如此”。
其句型是: so/neither/nor+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语。
他能游泳。
我也能游泳。
*He can swim. So can I.昨天晚上他去看电影了。
我也去了。
*He went to the film last night. So did I.我不知道他住哪儿。
她也不知道。
*I don’t know where he lives. Neither does she.【注意】●①当so引出的句子是用以对上文内容的证实或肯定,表示“的确如此”时,不用倒装结构。
*—He works very hard. 他学习很努力。
—So he does and so do you. 他的确如此,你也是。
●②若表示一个人的两个或者两个以上的情况,也适用于另一个人,则用句型: So it is/was with sb. 或者It is/was the same with sb. 。
*—He was born in Shanghai and brought up in Beijing.他在上海出生,在北京长大。
—It was the same with my friend Li Ping.我朋友李平也是。
（7） to such a degree/ to such an extent/ to such lengths等介词短语位于句首时也要用倒装To such an extent had he changed that I couldn’t recognize him.他变得我简直认不出来了。
To such lengths did he speak that everyone got bored.他讲了很长时间，大家都厌倦了。