英语句子成分句子成分由词或词组充当英语的基本成分有七种：主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial) 补语(complement) 主语(Subject)：一.主语主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。
可由1.名词、2.代词、3.数词、4.名词化的形容词（如the rich）5.不定式、6.动名词、7.主语从句等表示。
练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面划横线，并说出由什么充当1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.2.We often speak English in class.3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5.Smoking does harm to the health.6.The rich should help the poor.7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.9.That he isn’t at home is not true二. 谓语(Predicate)：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
1)简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
He practices running every morning.2) 复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
You may keep the book for two weeks.He has caught a bad cold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。
We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。
练习3 .填入动词的适当形式。
1).Fifty miles _______ ( be ) not a great distance .2). He ______________ ( marry ) for three years .3). A lot of trees ____________ ( must , plant ) on the hills .4). The woman did ______ ( stay ) at home last Sunday .5). So fast _____ light ______ ( travel ) that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed .三.表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。
表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
练习4. 划出下列句中的表语, 并说明有什么充当。
1)Our teacher of English is an American.2)Is it yours?3)The weather has turned cold.4)The speech is exciting.5)Three times seven is twenty one?6)His job is to teach English.7)His hobby（爱好）is playing football.8)The machine must be under repairs.9)The truth is that he has never been abroad.注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。
1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He seems (to be) very sad.注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。
4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：He became mad after that.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表示"证明"，"变成"之意，例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.练习5 .用所给词的正确形式填空1).The news sounds __________ ( inspire )2).We are __________ ( interest ) in the story .3). My work is ______ ( clean ) the classroom tomorrow morning4).The people in the city are very __________ . ( happiness)5).That is his book . The one on the desk is _________ ( my ) .四. 宾语(Object)：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
练习6. 划出下列句中的宾语, 并说明有什么充当。
1)They planed many trees yesterday.2)The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3)(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.4)They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5)I wanted to buy a car.6)I enjoy listening to popular music.7)I think（that）he is fit for his office.8) He found it hard to solve the problem.练习7. 完成下列各句.1. I remember ________________ ( 去过那里).2.Please remember ___________ ( 锁上门)when you leave the room .3.I like _______________ ( 唱流行歌曲).4. I like ______________________ ( 唱一首英文歌曲) this time .五. 宾语补足语(Object Complement)英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。
练习8.用线划出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。
1)His father named him Dongming.2)They painted their boat white.3)Let the fresh air in.4)You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.5)We saw her enter the room.6)We saw him playing the piano when we entered his house.7)We found everything in the lab in good order.8)I want your homework done on time.【注意】如果把主动语态该成被动语态，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语。
例如：He was acknowledged to be the best player.练习9 .用所给词的适当形式填空1). I saw the man _______ ( knock ) down and the driver _____ ( drive) away .2). Happiness lies in making others ________ ( happiness )3). The little child cannot be made ________ (do) such a difficult thing.六. 定语(Attribute)：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
考点1.若修饰some, any, every, no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）,定语通常后置。
I have something important to tell you.(important修饰something,却放在后面)There is nothing interesting in the book.（interesting 修饰nothing）考点2.副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He went up to a policeman downstairs. （楼下的警察）考点3.单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）The shop closest to my house is about one kilometer away.（距我家最近的那个商店）考点4.介词短语作定语时要后置The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）考点5.名词作定语一般用单数，但当woman, man作定语且后面名词为复数时，woman man 也要用复数boy students, apple trees, men doctors, women nurses考点6.动词不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语作定语要后置I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）考点7.动名词、现在分词作定语时的区别This is a swimming pool.(动名词作定语，表功能)The sleeping boy is only five.（现在分词作定语，表正在进行）考点8.else(别的，其它的)通常放在不定代词和疑问词后作后置定语Who else do you know?Somebody else might have taken it away.You can see these signs in a hospital. ___ can you see them?A. Where elseB. Where place elseC. Where else placeD. Else where考点9.enough修饰名词可前置或后置, enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。