《欧洲文化入门》复习（三）1.欧洲文化的两个要素（Greco－Roman，Judeo－Christian）怎样相互作用，以及说明为什么基督教会对欧洲文化产生影响。

它给欧洲丰富多彩的文化带来的影响的例子。

相互作用：Some thoughts and credendum of Judeo－Christian are from Greco－Roman Greco-Roman Views:• Citizens should participate in government by voting, debating in public, making laws, serving on juries, and holding office. There should be written law. The development of democracy was supported by Judeo-Christian ideas 为什么：Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religious. Christianity changedfrom an object of oppression to a weapon in the hands of the ruling class.影响：1 In the philosophy，it laid a modern Western tradition of philosophical thinking.2 It brought inspiration of art to the artists. Example: Da Vinci LastSupper3 In the literature, many works of literature are hymns and dramasdescribed Saints. Example: Spain Epic Cantar de Mio Cid Example: Heraclitus (about 540 BC to 480 BC) thought the primitive thing is the "fire", which according to the law of non-stop movement and change. Healso pointed out the fire and movement of all things change and theinevitability of the law. Thales (about 625 BC to 547 years) inheritedHeraclitus and thought that the "water" is "all things primitive" andthat the world is a living thing, "All things are full of spirits."2.罗马、哥特式、巴洛克（225页）建筑风格三者的特点以及区别Architecture style in Middle Age. (P126)Predominantly religious；characterized by massiveness；solidity and monumentality with an overall blocky appearance.Sculpture and painting, primarily in churches；Plan cross, imbued with symbolism and allegory. Rib roofOutgrowth of Romanesque, but different aesthetic and philosophical spirit; Gothic cathedras soared high, arches and tower reaching heavenward; Decorated with strained glass windows and sculptures more lifelike. Lancet；Rib；Flying buttress；Rose window；Turret / pinnacle1. Flowery.Baroque Art serves the upper-class and aristocries, so it seeks for the luxury.2. Romantic. Renaissance art stresses reasonable, calmness and harmony, but Baroquestresses sensible, fantasy and tries to break its calmness and harmonies.3. Passionate. Baroque art works are full of strong emotions colour and the author’s innerfeeling, such as sad, joy, secret, frightened and so on. The outer is exciting, the inner is stirring.4. Sense of Movement.Because Baroque Art is full of passionate, its form stresses themoving. Moving is the spirit and soul of the Baroque Art.5. Spacial 。

Art works in the Renaissance are plane, but Baroque stresses space and light.6. Comprehensive and Integrated.Baroque Art stresses the integration, which shows in themulti-forms of art.7. Color of Religions .Many themes of art, especially paintings are closely related to theCathelic Church.8. Deviated from the reality区别：罗马47 哥特（127）巴洛克225Byzantine styleBasilica: long aquar hall; exterior simple; interior glory, with golden decoration.Vault: pendentive dome (三角穹圆顶), Eg. Mosque of St, Sophia.3.文艺复兴（文艺复兴的格局是怎样的？影响文艺复兴的几大特点，文艺复兴的核心，文艺复兴对当代社会的影响，文艺复兴人文主义给当时社会产生了什么影响？从现代来理解人文主义的核心以及其影响3. What is humanism? What is the core(核心) of it? What value does it have today?A. Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of man, and the request for worldly pleasure, individual liberty and equality. It also values human’s sensible experience and reasoning mind.The core of humanism is the greatness man <At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was theIn mind: ascetical idea of poverty & stoicism>>>belief in the promotion of wealth, pleasure.Christianity>>> humanityReligion>>> philosophy, heaven>>>earth.Beauty of God>>>beauty of human bodyIn art: Broke away from the domination of church; Themes changed to appreciation of natural man.Studied and promote the principles of Greek and Rome.C.Value in today:E.g in transportation design, architecture, commerce.影响文艺复兴的特点：1. The New Religion.The great 16-century religious revolution resulted in the establishment of the Protestant churches. In England, the break with Roman Catholic Church came first as a result of a decision by King Henry VIII to divorce his first wife. The change in religious doctrine came afterward in the reigns of King Edward VI and Queen Elizabeth I, in which religious tolerance was practiced.2. The New Learning.Renaissance scholars of the classics, call humanist, revived the knowledge of the past, the Greek and Roman literature and art. For the first time in history, the medieval minds saw the beauty of the human form and learned about the importance of human life and human values, as represented in the classic art and literature.3. The New World and Cosmos.Christopher Columbus’s discovery of a new continent and Europeans’ succeeding explorations of the new world greatly broadened people’s horizon and gave new materials to the literary imagination. Copernicus’s theory about the uni verse and our place in the cosmos triggered people to adopt a new outlook on the world.4. The New Population.The continuing development of trade, the growth of the middle class, the education for lay people, the centralization of power and of much intellectual life in the court, and the widening horizons of exploration gave a new impetus and direction to literature. William Caxton first introduced printing into England. The number of presses quickly increased in England and with them the number of print ed books to enlighten people’s minds.5. Humanism: With all the above-mentioned factors, people in this period was able to adopt A New View of Life & A New Attitude toward Living, which was to become one of the central meanings of Humanism.Humanist adopts the Greek and Roman conception that man is the measure of all things. Humanists believed that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. In a word, humanism suggests any attitude, which tends to exalt the human element, rather than the supernatural, divine elements, and urge man to live for his own sake rather than for God and for the next world. This is in some sense the essence of the Renaissance.文艺复兴的核心：Humanism 文艺复兴对当代社会的影响：(P183) 人文主义的核心The heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man, the beauty of man人文主义的影响：People began to stress the value of people and aspire after better life, fought against the , religion constraints and the feudal hierarchy. People looked forward to the liberation of the human personality and freedom and equality, highly rational human experience and promote understanding of human nature, to conquer nature for the benefit of mankind.1.十七世纪科学思维观的2个特点，举例说明怎样运用科学的思维观，有两个科学家作为的代表的，说一下他们的特点----------2个特点：(P196)Scientific thinking refers to the bodies of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring knowledge by collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.First, they showed boldness in forming hypotheses, and boldly challenged the traditional beliefs and assumed that what had been accepted as tr ue since ancient times might be false.Second, they all had immense patience in observation and tried to test, and drew conclusion on the basis of observation，patiently collect data through observation and text the hypotheses by facts and figures.举例说明怎样运用科学思维观：两个科学家及各自特点：Galileo:（P190-192）Galileo discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics. Galileo was also the first to establish the law of falling bodies, the law of inertia.Newton:（P193-194）C. Example: Hakanese. Study (last POB)Example: Hakanese Study1 Record the dialects (field-interview)；2 Analyze from different angles；3 Describe it in scientific language4 Draw preliminary conclusion；5 Introduce some hypothetic rules；6 Apply the rules to reality。