第三章1、the Middle ages名词解释In European history， the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2、The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (具体说来)， from the 5th century to 15th century.3、The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages， between ancient times and modern times.4、The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the 17th century， between the middle ages and modern times.5、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭6、Feudalism名词解释Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量)。

The word “feudalism” was derived (来源) from the Latin “feudum”，a grant (许可的) of land.7、fiefs(次划分)名词解释In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (奖赏) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs.8、vassals (占有fiefs的人)名词解释In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands intosmall pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (奖赏) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.9、code of chivalry (骑士制度)名词解释As a knight， he were pledged to protect the weak， to fight for the church，to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry， from which the western idea of good manners developed.10、dubbing (骑士头衔加冕仪式)名词解释After a knight was successful in his trained and tournaments， there was always a special ceremony (选择) to award him with a title， knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.11、knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called tournaments.(模拟战场)12、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)13、The Manor (领地所有制)名词解释The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords (农场主)。

By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.14、After 1054， the church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.15、 The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve (保留) and pass on the heritage (传统) of the Roman Empire.16、The word “catholic”，meant “universal”。

(广泛的，无处不在的)17、St. Jerome， who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经)18、Early Monasticism (早期修道院制)名词解释Between 300 and 500 A.D.， many men withdrew from (放弃了) worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries (男) and convents (女) for monks and nuns. Some of the hermits (隐士) were great scholars known as “Father of the Church”， whose work is generally considered orthodox.(东正教)19、Augustine —→ “Confession” (坦白) and “The City of God” (上帝之都)20、St. Benedict —→ founded Benedictine Rule about 529 A.D. (专门给清修的人制定的法律)21、The Inquisition (问讯厅) to stamp out so-called heresy.异教22、The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)23、Crusades went on about 200 years.24、There were altogether eight chief Crusades.25、 (结束) By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.26、Carolingian Renaissance名词解释Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne‘s name in Latin，Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有见解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.27、Roger Bacon‘s work wa s the Opus maius.28、National Epics(民族史诗运动)名词解释The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostlyused form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is， the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.29、Chaucer (乔叟) 的诗歌特点：① power of observation (观察)② piercing irony (敏锐的讽刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (温暖的人性)与狄更斯相似30、Gothic名词解释① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.② It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and， in some areas，into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.(罗马式)31、The Canterbury Tales：① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.② Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.(压头韵)③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.论述简答一、In the middle ages， what cultures began to merge (融合)？答：Classical， Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合)。