Non-Productive Days 非生产天数
• A Non Productive Day is any day the sow is neither pregnant nor lactating.
一个非生产天指母猪既未怀孕也不泌乳的日子
• Cost of one Non Productive Day is a minimum of Y15 per sow per day
Dry, flaky, “ichthyosis” (fish-scale) skin lesions. Severe biotin deficiency. Hebei.
Brownish exudative dermatitis and secondary bacterial infection. Liaoning province.
This spraddle-legged sow had a poor foot and leg conformation and is now a serious problem as she cannot get up on her own.
这头母猪趾蹄结构不良，出现八字腿,不能站立，成为严重问题
Waiting time to Success 成功前的等待时间
Freq 频度
Average days to market 平均上市天数
Tail-enders 收尾猪
Time 时间（天数）
52-Week Benchmarking Data
Top 10 % Number of farms Mated females Pigs weaned / mated female / year Litters / mated female / year Wean to 1st service interval Percent served by day 7 Percent repeat services Entry to first service Farrowing rate Total pigs born / female farrowed Pigs born live / female farrowed Pigs weaned / female farrowed Piglet survival Average gestation length Average age at weaning Average parity 71 83,310 28.71 2.50 6.09 87.9% 4.0% 30.37 90.6% 14.15 12.92 11.42 82.7% 115.6 19.8 2.58 Top 25% 177 288,359 27.40 2.46 6.32 88.7% 5.7% 26.98 88.2% 14.06 12.73 11.10 80.8% 115.7 19.4 2.64 All Farms 711 1,198,868 24.39 2.37 6.96 85.8% 8.1% 23.72 85.1% 13.23 11.94 10.34 79.5% 115.7 19.9 2.69 Bottom 25% 177 268,348 20.64 2.21 8.09 80.1% 11.1% 24.94 80.4% 12.42 11.07 9.46 77.2% 115.8 20.3 2.57
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X
X
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X
X
X
Structural defects are highly heritable and are transmitted to the offspring, resulting in sows with unsoundness.
结构缺陷高度可遗传，可传给后代，而导致母猪结实度欠佳
提高猪的繁殖性能
朱稳森博士 北京
养猪企业数， 美国2006
X 1000
上市猪
种猪
每窝断奶头数
> 5000 头
< 5000 头
< 5000 头
> 5000 头
胴体重每头母猪每年（吨）
美国 欧盟
巴西
中国
Real Measures of Sow Productivity
母猪生产力的衡量指标
• Pigs Weaned per Sow per Year 每头每年断奶仔猪数
Dry, scaly, whitish-gray “ichthyosis” dermatitis due to biotin deficiency and secondary bacterial infection with Streptococci. Liaoning province.
一头母猪一个非生产天造成的损失至少是15元人民币
• Conception Rate, Farrowing Rate, Wean to Estrus interval, and Worker Observational Skills are factors influencing Non-Productive Days.
Large White
Yorkshire
Landrace
Chester White
Chester Whites， Pennsylvania，1940.
有经济价值的重要性状的遗传力与精确度 性状 遗传力 活产仔数 断奶仔猪数 21日龄窝重 长到230磅的天数 饲料效率 背膘厚度
Irvin and Swiger, J ANIM SCI 1984, 58:1144-1150.
生物素或锌缺乏？
Correction of Skin Lesions by Dietary Biotin Supplementation
Biotin Deficiency in Sows
E. Wayne Johnson Enruikang Ag Tech Beijing
Typical and common biotin deficiency in a gestating sow, with brown exudate down dorsal midline, similar to that described by Cunha et al (1946). Hebei province.
受精率，分娩率，断奶发情间隔，工人的观察力是影响非生产天数的 因素
Assessing Performance 性能评定
• Morbidity & Mortality 发病率和死亡率
– Dead 死亡 – Sick 生病 – Requiring Treatment 需要治疗
• • • •
Growth Performance 生长性能 Cost of Gain 增重成本 Return on Investment 投资回报率 Variability 变异性
死亡率/仔猪数存活率
Selection/Culling
• • • • • • • • • • •
选择/淘汰
Milking ability is heritable and repeatable. 泌乳能力可遗传，且可重复 Measure “21 day weights 称21天龄体重 Calculate Sow Productivity Index 计算母猪生产力指数 Cull Ruthlessly. 无情地淘汰 4 to 6 litters is normal productive life of sow. 4－6胎是母猪的正常繁殖寿命 正常淘汰率: 35-40% / 年
Heterosis and Complementarity
• Heterosis 杂种优势
– recovery from inbreeding depression 克服近交劣势
• Complementarity 补偿优势
– Take advantage of differences between lines. 品系间的优势互补
Dermatitis, alopecia, brownish exudate on skin. Avidin-induced biotin deficiency. Cunha, Lindley & Ensminger, J. An. Sci. 5:219-225, (1946)
Dermatitis, alopecia, brownish exudate on skin of two pigs in middle. Avidin-induced biotin deficiency. Pigs on outside treated with daily biotin injections 100 mcg. Cunha, Lindley & Ensminger, J. An. Sci. 5:219-225, (1946).
活产仔数 9
8
7
1980
1990
2000
Selection
大白
X
长白
Duroc 杜洛克
X
大长二元 母猪 （F1）
商品代
Duroc
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้白
X
长白
Duroc 杜洛克
大长二元 母猪 （F1）
公猪？
X
商品代 – ‘三元母猪’
Hampshire
Pietrain
Gilts母猪
120 Kg 配种 7-8 月龄 第二或三次发情时配种 mated on 2nd or 3rd heat 选育Selection 乳头 －number/quality Feet & Legs
母猪生殖周期
后备母猪 1－3 天 成熟
配种 妊娠
114天
发情
3－5 天
断奶
16－35天
分娩
活仔猪
泌乳
后备母猪没有发情