• (2)肯定位置和目的地:at; to; on; onto; in; into; • A)地点介词短语作状语(将事件或事态与某一场所联系起来)或作后置 修饰语 (将其物与某一场所联系起来)。简单位置和目的地（向某一预 定场所移动） • 这两种概念之间，可以有一种因果关系。 • 目的地 位置 • Ann went to Oxford. Ann was at Oxford. • Ann climbed onto the roof. Ann was on the roof. • Ann jumped into the water. Ann was in the water. • B) into和onto常和表示移动的动词(walk, slide, swim)连用。但是注意 比较： • Don’t run in the school. • Don’t run into the school. • C)另一方面，下列动词（place, stand, lay, sit）常可以和to, onto和 into结合，也可以不结合: • She put the typewriter case on (to) the top shelf and the key in (to) the drawer.
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• ③如果是非谓语动词，情况就比较复杂，因为在英语 • 中-ing分句可以用在介词的后面。 • On arriving she took a taxi. • ④思考下列三个词是什么词性：when, after, by? • 2.介词和副词 • She looked up the hill. (1) • She walked across the street. (2) • She looked up the word. (3) • She walked across. (4) •
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• • • • (3) 有些以of结尾的复杂介词可用属格形式替代： for the sake of the people ~ for the people’s sake; on behalf of Jim ~ on Jim’s behalf at the expense of Susan ~ at Susan’s expense
Ⅲ.介词、从属连词和副词
1. 介词和连词都具有关联或连接功能，比较：
the day when she arrived of her arrival 注：①辨别两种词类的一个标准是：介词引导的是名词 性或名词化补足语，而与之相对的从属连词引导 一个从属分句（从句）。 ②在某些情况下，同一词项既可以作介词又可以 作连词，如after, as, before, since, until.
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• • • • • • • • • • • (The proposal that we meet) on Tuesday… (To meet) in March… (Meeting) during the vacation… ② 作补语（表语）用的准形容词功能 This machine is (very) out of date. This dress seems out of fashion. 因此可以与形容词短语并列或同位 They are happy and in good health. an old and out of date telephone 作其他连系动词的补语 They seem in good health.
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• in+名词+with： in common with; in comparison with; in line with; in contact with; • by+名词+of ： by means of; by way of; • on+名词+of: • on account of; on behalf of; on the grounds of; on the matter of; on (the) top of; on the part of; on the strength of; • 其他类型： • as far as; at the expense of; at the hands of; for (the) sake of ; in exchange for; in return for; in addition to; in relation to; with/in regard of; with/in respect to; with the exception of;
①在下列句子中，介词和副词的区别并不明显： He is near to being mad. This seems next to impossible. Close to 200 people came. She is far from being weak. ②简单介词near和复杂介词near to和close to： near to和close to与形容词有同源关系，他们是仅有的 既有比较级又可加强调成分的介词： She sat very near to quite close to much nearer to me. much closer to next to closest to
3.作动词和形容词的补足成分 We were looking at his awful paintings. I’m sorry for his parents. 说明： ①介词短语有时候可以做主语 A: When are we going to have the next meeting? B: On Tuesday will be fine. In March suits me. During the vacation is what we decided Between 6 and 7 may be convenient.
介词和介词短语
介词和介词短语
• Ⅰ.介词短语的结构 • Ⅱ.介词短语的功能 • Ⅲ.介词、连接词和副词 • Ⅳ.简单介词和复杂介词 • Ⅴ.介词的含义（重点）
Ⅰ.介词短语结构：
（前置修饰语+）介词+介词补足语 on the table from what he said by signing a peace treaty in terms of money He worked deep into the night last night.
is
Ⅳ.简单介词和复杂介词
• 1.简单介词：as, at, but, by, down, for, from, in, like, of, off, on, out, past, per, round, since, • than, through, till, to, up, with, about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, before, below, behind, beneath, beside, besides, between, beyond, despite, during, except, inside, into, onto, opposite, outside, over, unlike, until, upon, within, without;
Ⅴ.介词的含义（重点）
• 1.表示空间关系的介词 • (1).空间关系的意义 • My car is at the cottage. • Our cottage is on the road . • There is some ice on that road. • There is a new roof on the cottage. • There are only two beds in the cottage.
Ⅱ.介词短语的功能
• 1.作名词短语的后置修饰语 • The people on the bus were singing. • 2.状语 • The people were singing on the bus. • In the afternoon, we went to Boston. • From a personal point of view, I find this a good solution to the problem. • In all fairness, she did try to phone the police. • On the other hand, he made no attempt to help her.
(2)Wh- 分句和关系分句（定语从句） At which house did you leave the car? Wቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱich house did you leave the car at? Where did you leave the car?（通常情况） The old house about which I was telling you (which) I was telling you about empty.
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• ③在特殊的情形中（主要在固定短语中），副词或形容词 可以发挥介词补足语的功能。 • at last, at least, at once, at worst, before long, by far, in brief, in there, since when, until now…. • ④介词短语本身可以作介词的补足语，所以两个介词可以 连续出现 • He picked up the gun from under the table. • We didn’t meet until after the show. • The weather has been fine except in the north. • Food has been scarce since before the war. • ⑤介词作动词和形容词的补足语时，它和前面的词（如 look, sorry）的关系比它和后面的补足语关系更密切，介 词的选择是由它前面的词决定的。