一、2016年浙江新高考《考试说明》英语写作样题概要写作（满分25分）阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people，is a good thing。
However, t here is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century，people thought that dirt on the skin was a means t o block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in publ ic baths. By 1538，the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom。
S o did the king of England in 1546。
Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way。
Henry IV，King of France，was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath，the king ordere d that, to avoid the attack of disease，the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived，dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health。
Clean water supply and hand washing are p ractical means of preventing disease。
Yet，it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Ha s the hate for dirt, however，gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays。
Many first—time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt，which might be responsible for the spr ead of disease. On the contrary，Mary Ruebush，an American immunologist （免疫学家）, encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system。
And the latter （后者) position is gaining some ground.（原创范文，仅供参考）One possible version：People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin。
(要点 1 ) For a long time in history, people of some European countries，such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill。
（要点 2 ）However, people began to change th eir attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt o ff our body can keep us healthy。
（要点 3) However, some scientists believe that e xposure to some dirt may help our immune system. (要点 4)【范文点拨】(一）要点分析1。
文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：However，there is nothi ng fixed about attitudes to dirt。
换句话说:Different people have different attitudes t owards dirt。
再结合下文谈到的主题可知Different people have different attitudes towa rds dirt on the skin. 范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. ”概括非常精炼。
2．第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表.结合第三段第一句Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long—lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since 18 century。
可知,直到18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很“友好的"，有助于预防疾病.范文中的要点2 “For a long time in history, people of some European countrie s, such as France，believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.”很好地总结了这些要点。
3. 第三段用Though引出人们对dirt观点的转变“…since the 18th century。
Scientifi cally speaking，cleaning aw ay dirt is good to health.”再结合本段最后一部分Advertise ments repeatedly sell the idea…可得出要点3“However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.”4. 文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同,On the contrary 引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。
这一观点获得了一些支持.范文中的要点4“However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may hel p our immune system。
”表达很恰切。
（二）要点连接文章概要,在写完了要点之后,下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。
本篇文章整篇结构是总分的结构,要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了However恰到好处.要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此,还是用表转折的连接词However。
不过小编认为，此处用Ne vertheless可以避免三句话内出现两次However。
(三）关键词汇第一段：fixed (确定的；不变的) 第二段：means (手段，方法), block out (挡住)，open up (打开）, upon (……之后；立即) 第三段:long-lived （长期存在的）, sell the idea （说服某人接收某个观点) 第四段：warn sb off (警告某人不要靠近)，position （观点)，gain some ground （取得优势）以上这些关键词对于整篇文章的理解与转化成自己的语言都很关键，如果不能准确领会其用意，语篇理解的效果会大打折扣。
所以,概要写作的基础是理解语篇，而读懂语篇的基础是词汇，尤其是对关键词汇的掌握与运用。
在此基础上，综合运用语法与句法结构，按照行文逻辑组织语言,形成概要.二、题型解读1。
题型介绍◆选材特点（1)所需阅读的短文词数在350以内；（2)所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主.◆评分参考阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：（1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；（2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；（3)上下文的连贯性;（4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。
注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高.相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象,得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。
2考查能力概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要.写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换,对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。
这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。