[外语类试卷]2014年南京大学考博英语真题试卷一、Structure and Vocabulary1 Hunting is thought to be______for the extinction of some wildlife.（A）responsible（B）blamed（C）charged（D）denounced2 The American students came to our school in November, and we then made a______visit to theirs.（A）reciprocal（B）bilateral（C）considerate（D）rewarding3 That man claimed to be a______of Confucius.（A）descending（B）ascending（C）descendant（D）offspring4 Can you______the truth of his statement?（A）deny（B）refuse（C）decline（D）reject5 I failed in my new job. If only I______my parents.（A）listened to（B）had listened to（C）have listend to（D）would listen to6 He studied at a famous college when he was young, ______contributed to his success in later life.（A）which（B）it（C）that（D）what7 My eldest sister went on with the story and young children around her ______ with " wonderful!" from time to time.（A）broke out（B）broke off（C）broke in（D）broke up8 Jean holds very______opinions about food; she won't eat anything new of foreign.（A）awesome（B）conventional（C）consistent（D）condimental9 Donor fatigue and______of the country's poverty are now causing those hopes to wither.（A）expenditure（B）extremity（C）wreckage（D）supremacy10 He felt a great sense of______after his success.（A）fulfillment（B）fortification（C）innovation（D）illumination11 They are still in the______stage between the old and new government.（A）transaction（B）transplanting（C）transitional（D）transforming12 Starting a new business can be a risky______.（A）processing（B）attempting（C）undertaking（D）overhauling13 It's none of your business, you have no right to______.（A）disturb（B）interfere（C）interrupt（D）obtain14 The passengers carried on drinking and dancing______unaware of the impending disaster.（A）witheringly（B）contemptuously（C）morally（D）blissfully15 We must also understand how to______between what should be remembered and what should be forgotten.（A）differentiate（B）distinct（C）disengage（D）entangle16 Maisie had always thought of herself as being shy and______, and was surprised that anyone should ask her opinion.（A）stuttering（B）scattering（C）inarticulate（D）inexpressive17 The company made profit in that one month than it made in the whole of the______ year.（A）previously（B）proceeding（C）preceding（D）unpreceding18 No president who performs his duties faithfully and______can have any leisure. （A）consistently（B）conscientiously（C）nervously（D）piously19 Take this bit of seemingly______advice: In order to write quickly, you must first think slowly.（A）paradoxical（B）contradict（C）parallel（D）disordering20 I'd rather you______me a new one instead of having mine repaired as you did. （A）had given（B）have given（C）gave（D）giving二、Cloze20 In the United States, the first day nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the【C1】______half of the 19th century; most of 【C2】______were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U. S. , the day-nursery movement received great【C3】______during the First World War, when【C4】______of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented numbers of women. In some European countries, nurseries were established【C5】______in munitions plants, under direct government sponsorship【C6】______the number of nurseries in the U. S. , also rose【C7】______. this rise was accomplished withoutgovernment aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War,【C8】______Federal State and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control【C9】______the day nurseries, chiefly by【C10】______them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries.21 【C1】（A）latter（B）other（C）late（D）first22 【C2】（A）those（B）them（C）whose（D）which23 【C3】（A）impetus（B）input（C）imitation（D）initiative24 【C4】（A）sources （B）abundance （C）shortage （D）reduction25 【C5】（A）hardly（B）entirely （C）only（D）even26 【C6】（A）Because （B）As（C）Since（D）Although27 【C7】（A）unanimously （B）sharply （C）predominantly （D）militantly28 【C8】（A）therefore（B）consequently（C）however（D）moreover29 【C9】（A）over（B）in（C）at（D）about30 【C10】（A）formulating（B）labeling（C）patenting（D）licensing三、Reading Comprehension30 The animal dissection requirement of biology classes has been getting under the skin of students for generations, and there have always been some who asked to be excused from the requirement. Now, a growing number of technological alternatives are making it possible for students to swap that scalpel for a computer mouse. There are lawsin nearly a dozen states — including California, Florida, New York — protecting a student's choice to learn about animal anatomy sans scalpel. Some students choosing to opt out feel we should be kinder to our web-footed friends. Others are just queasy at the thought of rubbery frog bodies and the smell of formaldehyde.Dissection is icy. There's a yuck factor. " admits Brian Shmaersky, a boared member with the National Association of Biology Teachers. " And a teacher has to weigh the benefits with the cost of students being offended to the point that it interferes with learning. "Virtual blades. So for cases in which a real dissection would be too slimy, it's time to try some toad tech. While the first computer-based alternatives to dissection emerged in the 1980s, modern frog dissection software can be found at different websites. These software programs use creative clicking, high-powered zoom functions, and video clipsto teach anatomy. Froguts software, for example, lets students trace incision lines with a computer mouse and snip through skin with a virtual blade. There are even sound effects like a "slish" for slicing frog flesh, or a "shwoosh" for pinning down skin flaps.(Schools currently pay about $ 300 for a one-year software license, though some organizations will lend programs out free of charge.)Earlier this year, a graduate student from Simon Fraser University in Vancouver designed the first-ever haptic(the Greek word for "touch")frog dissection program, which uses a penlike tool to create a sensation similar to cutting into real flesh. The hand-held device connects to a computer, and students move the device through the air while watching the results of their actions on a computer screen.With Digital Frog — a popular program that's had approximately 1, 500 frog demo downloads since January and is currently in use in 2, 000 schools — students can add or subtract those amphibious organs with a mere mouse click. They can then assess their learning with sporadic frog anatomy quizzes."Repetition is helpful. The fact that a student can review sections of a program over and over again is important," says Martin Stephens, vice president for animal research issues at the Humane Society of the United States. "In dissections, the animal's organs are all shriveled and discolored. You look for things and can't find them because body parts have changed drastically since the animal was killed. But on a computer screen, layers can be digitally peeled away. " Other experts think the dissection technology has its limits. Gerry Wheeler, executive director of the National Science Teachers Association, says that artificial simulations don't give as enriching an experience as the real thing. Still others worry the programs are depriving kids of experiential learning.31 The word "swap"(Line 4, Paragraph 1)most probably means______.（A）exchange（B）throw away（C）reject（D）refuse32 Some students ask to be excused from the requirement of biology classes because of the following reason except that______.（A）dissection consists of disgusting procedures and unpleasant smells（B）they are entitled to reject dissection requirement given the legal regulation （C）they are offended when fulfilling the requirements of animal dissection（D）they insist that people should treat animals more as friends instead of simply objects.33 Brian Shmaefsky's statement implies that______.（A）He indeed supports the students'animal protection movement（B）He thinks the animal dissection should be banned（C）He thinks the animal dissection may not be good for students to learn biology effectively（D）He always evaluates the teaching effect by weighing reluctant factors of cost and effect34 The author's attitude towards the toad tech can be said to be______.（A）supportive（B）doubtful（C）indifferent（D）provocative34 Many people dread going on foreign assignments — sometimes even beforethey've gone on one. They hear stories about how exhausting and disorienting business travel can be. They worry about getting sick, getting lonely, or getting killed. They're afraid they won't be liked or that they won't succeed. But the fact is that for many people a foreign assignment can be the opportunity and thrill of a lifetime.The Wall Street Journal reports the story of John Aliberti, who had spent his career working to become a midlevel manager for Union Switch in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Aliberti seemed like an odd choice for an overseas assignment; He had no experience in international travel and business. But when he was chosen to represent the company as technical expert and representative in China, Aliberti responded with enthusiasm; "Back home, the work we do, it's been done for decades. In China you're breaking new ground. It's a milestone in the history of the world. "By viewing his China assignment as an exciting adventure, Aliberti largely bypassed the negative effects of culture shock. According to the Well Street Journal, "The crowds and chaotic lines don't faze him. He becomes animated telling stories of long train trips to out-of-the-way cities like Nanchang, where Union Switch is helping to build a railroad yard..."Alibert's enthusiastic attitude and his active interest in learning about the culture and business practices in China have helped him become a central figure in his company's China operations. His job in Pittsburgh is two rungs below vice president. In China, according to his boss, " He acts like a president or CEO. That's got to turn him on. "35 John Aliberti seemed like an odd choice for overseas assignment because______. （A）he is the most experienced member of the company.（B）he has been to China many times.（C）he has been promoted to the top-level position of the company（D）he has little experience in traveling abroad36 "Aliberti largely bypassed the negative effects of culture shock. " "Bypass"(Para.3)means ______.（A）ignore（B）pass away（C）avoid（D）shortcut37 The following statements are correct about John Aliberti except______.（A）he is good at selling his experience of traveling in China（B）he is troubled by the crowds and confused transportation in China（C）he is excited about travelling ground China（D）he is breaking new ground for his company38 The story of John Aliberti tells us that______.（A）culture shock is easy to deal with.（B）many people dread going on business.（C）the transportation of China is confused to foreigners.（D）you can deal with culture shock well with an active interest in learning about the culture.38 The period of adolescence, i. e. , the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on society's definition as to what constututes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of one's life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescence period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance and there is no longer agreement as to what constitutes initiationceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the education ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of 16 the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver's license, he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of 18 the law provides adult prsponsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry without parental permission. At the age of 21 the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, buy liquor, enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.39 The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because______.（A）the definiton of maturity has changed（B）the industrialized society is more developed（C）more education is provided and laws against child labor are made（D）ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance40 Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to______.（A）graduations from schools and colleges（B）social recognition（C）socio-economic status（D）certain behavioral changes41 No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is______.（A）eleven years old（B）sixteen years old（C）twenty-one years old（D）between twelve and twenty-one years old42 Starting from 22, ______.（A）one will obtain more basic rights（B）the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have（C）one won't get more basic rights than when he is 21（D）one will enjoy more rights granted by society42 " Tear ' em apart!' " " Kill the fool!" " Murder the referee!"These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they are made, they may seem innocent enough. But let's not kid ourselves. They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. Volumes have been written about the way words affect us. It has been shown that words having certain connotations may cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior. I see the term "opponent" as one of those words. Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports terms.The dictionary meaning of the term "opponent" is "adversary" , "ememy" , "one who opposes your interests. " Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one's intellect, and every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a play's request for a time out for a glovechange because he did not considered them wet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet T-shirt and then exclaimed. " Are they wet enough now?"In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent's international and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good friends. Does that make any sense? It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs from normal behavior.Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated the game to the level where it belongs thereby setting an example to the rest of the sporting world. Replacing the term "opponent" with "associate" could be an ideal way to start.The dictionary meaning of the term "associate" is "colleague"; "friend"; "companion. " Reflect a moment! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term "associate" rather than "opponent."43 Which of the following statements best expresses the author's view?（A）Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequences.（B）The words people use can influence their behavior.（C）Unpleasant words in sports are often used by foreign athletes.（D）Unfair judgments by referees will lead to violence on the sports field.44 Harsh words are spoken during games because the players______.（A）are too eager to win（B）are usually short-tempered and easily offended（C）cannot afford to be polite in fierce competition（D）treat their rivals as enemies45 What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves?（A）He refused to continue the game.（B）He angrily hit the referee with a ball.（C）He claimed that the referee was unfair.（D）He wet his gloves by rubbing them acress his T-shirt.46 According to the passage, players, in a game, may______.（A）deliberately throw the ball at anyone illegally blocking their way（B）keep on screaming and shouting throughout the game（C）lie down on the ground as an act of protest（D）dash with the ball across the court with force46 Two hours from the tall buildings of Manhattan and Philadelphia live some of the world's largest black bears. They are in northern Pennsylvania's Pocono Mountains, a home they share with an abundance of other wildlife.The streams, lakes, meadows, mountain ridges and forests that make the Poconos an ideal place for black bears have also attracted more people to the region. Open spaces are threatened by plans for housing estates and important habitats are endangered by highway construction Toprotect the Poconos'natural beauty from irresponsible development, the Nature Conservancy named the area one of America's "Last Great Places".Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond, Pennsylvania, the conservancy's Bud Cook is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth with environmental protection. By forging partnerships with people like Francis Altemese, the Conservancy has been able to protect more than 14, 000 acres of environmentally important land in the area.Altemose's family has farmed in the Pocono area for generations. Two years ago Franchl worked with the Conservancy to include his farm in a county farmland protection program As a result, his family's land can be protected from development and the Altemoses will be better able to provide a secure financial future for their 7-year-old grandson.Cook attributes the Conservancy's success in the Poconos to having a local presence and a commitment to working with local residents."The key to protecting these remarkable lands is connecting with the local community," Cook said, "The people who live there respect the land. They value quiet forests, clear streams and abundant wildlife. They are eager to help with conservation effort. "For more information on how you can help The Nature Conservancy protect the Poconos and the world's other "Last Great Places," please call 1-888-5646864. Or visit us on the World Wid Web at <u>www. tnc. org.</u>47 The purpose in naming the Poconos as one of America's "Last Great Places" isto______.（A）gain support from the local community（B）protect is from irresponsible development（C）make it a better home for black bears（D）provide financial security for future generations48 We learn from the passage that______.（A）the population in the Pocono area is growing（B）wildlife in the Pocono area is dying out rapidly（C）the security of the Pocono residents is being threatened（D）farmlands is the Pocono area are shrinking fast49 What is important in protecting the Poconos according to Cook?（A）The setting up of an environmental protection website.（B）Support from organizations like the Nature Conservancy.（C）Cooperation with the local residents and business leaders.（D）Inclusion of farmlands in the region's protection program.50 What does Bud Cook mean by "having a local presence"(Line 1, Para. 5)?（A）Financial contributions from local business leaders.（B）Consideration of the interests of the local residents.（C）The establishment of a wildlife protection foundation in the area.（D）The setting up of a local Nature Conservancy branch in the Pocono area.四、English-Chinese Translation51 The legends of the Wild West still color many people's impression of the United States of America. Unfortunately, the romanticized Hollywood cowboys and Indians have given a distorted picture of what really happened. Certainly, America's western expansion was in many ways an epic of courage and endurance. Dogged pioneers opened up new territory and forged a nation from the wilderness. This is the stuff of legends. But there was a dark side to this story. For the Indians it was a sad, bitter tale of misunderstanding, greed and betrayal — and we should know that too.52 If a practical end must be assigned to a University course, I say it is that of training good members of society. Its art of social life, and its end is fitness for the world. It neither confines its views to particular professions on the one hand, nor creates heroes or inspires genius on the other Works, indeed, of genjus fall under no art; heroic minds come under no rule; a University is not a birthplace of poets or of immortal authors, of founders of schools, leaders of colonies, or conquerors of nations, It does not promise a generation of Aristotles or Newtons, of Napoleons or Washingtons, of Raphaels or Shakespeares, though such miracles of nature it has before now contained within its precinets.五、Chinese-English Translation53 世界与宇宙的本质是什么?这是中国哲学的基本问题。