翻译理论与实践Introduction of the course（高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲）:1）培养目标（p1）2）课程描述（p25）笔译3）英语专业课程设置：专业技能；必修课；高年级4）教学要求：翻译（八级要求p10）Selection of texts:1) 孙致礼《新编英汉翻译教程》陈宏薇《新编汉英翻译教程》（“十五”规划教材）2）彭长江《英汉－汉英翻译教程》（修订本）3）自编练习与对照读物。
课程考核：平时课堂及作业占30%，期末占70%教学目的：旨在让学生了解什么是翻译以及翻译的性质教学重点与难点：翻译的定义和性质教学方法：讲述与实例相结合参考书目：陈宏薇，《新编汉英翻译教程》；孙致礼，《新编英汉翻译教程》；彭长江，《英汉－汉英翻译教程》。
Topic 1 Definition and Nature of Translation教学目的：旨在让学生了解什么是翻译以及翻译的性质教学重点与难点：翻译的定义和性质教学方法：讲述与实例相结合参考书目：孙致礼，《新编英汉翻译教程》；陈宏薇，《新编汉英翻译教程》；彭长江，《英汉－汉英翻译教程》教学时间：2 节1.What is “to translate”?The Oxford English Dictionary:“to turn from one language into another”“翻译是从一种语言转换成另一种语言”Taken literally, it can be given four meanings, according to concretecontexts:1. translating: → the process2.a translation：→ the translated text3. translation: → the abstract concept which encompasses boththe process of translating and the product of that process;4. translator or interpreter: → the person who does the work of translating or interpreting.The definition of translation is:1. Translation is a kind of cross-linguistic, cross- cultural and cross-social communication.翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。
2. Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another. To say it plainly, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original…翻译指的是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。
简单地说，它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一种艺术。
3. “Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次在文体上。
by Nida4. “Translation…serves as a means of communication, a transmitter of culture, a technique of language learning, and a source of personal pleasure.”“It has the special purpose of demonstrating the learner’s knowledge of foreign language.”“A Textbook of Translation” by Peter Newmark( 2001): Summarization:We may venture to define translation as follows:Translation is a communicative act between different languages and cultures achieved through selecting the nearest equivalent in the target language for message units in the source language.Examples:1.阴阳:the doctrine of Yin and Yang (transliteration)The term refers to the two opposite principles in nature, the former feminine and negative, the latter masculine and positive used in Chinese philosophy, medicine, etc.(paraphrasing or giving a note)2.客上天然居, 居然天上客（pun）He who visits Tian Ran Ju (the hotel or restaurant) is really a visitor in Heaven.2.She sells seashells on the seashore, the shells she sells aresea-shells. (tongue twister)她在海边卖海贝壳, 她卖的贝壳是海贝壳。
注意：Translation has its own complete system of basic theories, specific principles, and concrete techniques and skills.Our translation course attempts to outline briefly the knowledge and skills which underlie the practical abilities of the would-be translator or teacher.中国译协会长刘习良在“2006中国国际翻译产业论坛”作主旨发言时指出：“高水平的翻译专业人才和翻译专业师资队伍严重匮乏。
……在对翻译工作的认识上, 存在诸多误区。
比如，‘懂外语, 就能作翻译’这种错误观念还相当普遍。
其结果, 就是许多人能够和外国人对话, 却不能胜任翻译任务。
……外语与翻译之间固然关系密切, 但是, 外语与翻译毕竟是两门学科。
翻译是科学，又是艺术。
”例：It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.译1：当他站住并转身时,目光落在一个老年妇女的身上,她身材高,而且模样好，虽然时光使她变得干枯了。
译2：他站住了,转过身来,定睛一看,是个年迈的妇女,她身材高而且匀称；虽然受了时间的折磨而有点憔悴。
译3：他停住脚步,转过身来,目光落在一个年迈妇女身上。
她身材高挑,虽受岁月的磨难而憔悴,但风韵仍不减当年。
3.Nature of TranslationTranslation is a science, an art, a skill, a craft, an operation or a kind of communication.(Among them the first two may be the most influential andcontroversial, which evolve into two never-compromising schools in the field of translation.)★ If “translation” refers to a subject, namely, the study of translation theory and skills, it is no doubt a science with its own rules, laws and principles for the translators to abide by;★ if it refers to some specific pieces of translation, then it is more like an art, with each piece manifesting its own charms and style in the creative hands of the translator;★ if it refers to a process, then we may regard it as a craft or skill. For unlike any branch of natural science, the process of translation has its peculiarity, and none of its rules and principles is universally applicable.Examples:1. The world hates changes, yet it is the only thing that has brought the progress.译1：这个世界恨变化, 然而它却是惟一带来进步的东西。
译2：世界不喜欢变化, 然而只有变化才能有进步。
2.美中不足.译1：America/ USA and China are both insufficient.（×）译2：It is far from being perfect.译3：It leaves something to be desired.译4：Much is still left to be desired.4.Scope of Translation1) intra-lingual translation (语内翻译);inter-lingual translation (语际翻译);2) oral interpretation, written translation and machine translation.3) translation of scientific materials, literary works, political essays and practical writings.4) full-text translation, abridged translation or adapted translation.5.Differences in Interpretation and Translation6.Assignments:1) Bilingual reading: “No Giant Skyscrapers” p.22) Preview “Criteria for Translation”3) Read the article on the history of translation第二周汉英翻译概述汉英翻译对译者素养的要求汉译英译者应具有的素养•深厚的语言功底•广博的文化知识•高度的责任感深厚的语言功底表现：对汉英两种语言正确的理解和熟练的运用能力关键因素：language sense/writing competenceLanguage sense: sense of grammar; sense of idiomaticness; sense of coherence语法意识：时态，语态，主谓一致；非谓语/谓语动词；名词单复数，冠词乃至拼写，大小写和标点符号原文：只见她一身珠光宝气，绰约宜人。