一、teaching objectives and requirement of the course(一) teaching objectivesPathophysiology is a branch of medical sciences that combines physiology and pathology to elucidate the etiology and pathogenesis of disease. It concerns the occurrence, development and outcome of disease to clarify the essence of disease, and provides experimental and theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Thus, it is believed to serve a bridge between basic medical science and clinical science, play an important role in the medical education system. Pathophysiology is mainly composed of four parts: a brief introduction of disease, fundamental common pathological processes, organic pathophysiology and cellular and molecular pathophysiology. Based on the training guidance for the students majored in clinical medicine and other related clinical medicine, students will be expected to obtain the following knowledge and skill after taking this course:1. Basic theory and knowledge(1) Master the underlying mechanisms by which disease occurs and the resultant functionaland metabolic alternations within the body.(2) Be familiar with the causes and conditions of disease.(3) Understand the pathophysiological basis for clinical diagnosis, treatment andprevention.2. General capability and skill(1) Self-learning ability: Points will be explained and stressed in the class. Further readingwill be instructed.(2) Skills of problem-solving and comprehensive analytical ability: Questions in actualclinical cases will be discussed.(3) Speciality English terms3. Innovative ability:4. The teaching period is arranged with 48 periods of theory course and corresponding 35periods of practice course.(二) teaching requirement of the courseChapter 1 Brief introduction to pathphysiologyUnderstandconception and task of pathophysiologyacademic position, role and main content of pathophysiology.main research target of pathophysiology and its evolutionary history。

chapter 2 General introduction to diseaseMaster:conception of healthcauses，conditions, and precipitation of diseasesgeneral law of generation and development of diseasebasic pathogenesis of disease。

Familiarize:conceptions of health, disease and death,the signs and criteria of deathconcept of brain deathUnderstand:traditional concept of death.Chapter 3 Disorders of water and electrolyte metabolismMaster:the definition of hyponatremia, especially hypotonic dehydration; and hyponatremia, especially hyperosmotic dehydration. Master the alteration of metabolism and function of hyponatremia and hyponatremia, especially hypotonic dehydration and hyperosmotic dehydration. Pay attention to the position of dehydration, the changes of intracellular and extracellular fluid, regulation of body, and symptoms of cardiovascular and neurological system.the definition of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.the definition of edema and its pathophysiological mechanisms.Familiarize:the classification of disorders of water and sodium metabolism.the causes of different kinds of dehydrations and disorders of potassium metabolism, and the alteration of metabolism and function (especially nerve-muscle and heart) of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.the relationship between disorders of water and electrolyte metabolism and acid-base disorders. the causes of hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia and their influence on body.the causes of disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism and their influence on body. Understand:the normal regulation of body fluid and electrocyte balance.the definition of water intoxication and the features and influence of edema, especially the influence of cell edema on brain.the principles of treatment on different kinds of dehydrations.the normal regulation of potassium metabolism and the principles of treatment on disorders of potassium metabolism.the features of magnesium metabolism and the principles of treatment on disorders of magnesium metabolism.the features of calcium and phosphorus metabolism and the principles of treatment on disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism.Chapter 4 Acid-Base Balance And DisturbancesMaster:The normal value and significance of general index of acid-base balance, such as pH, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard bicarbonate, actual bicarbonate, buffer excess, buffer base and anion gapConcept of four kinds of simple acid-base disordersThe primary causes, main index variation, body’s compensation and the impact on body of four simple acid-base disordersThe judgement of four simple acid-base disordersFamiliarize:Regulation function of bodyPathophysiological basis of preventing of four kinds of disturbance of acid-base balance Understand:V oncepts of acids and bases, and the sources of acids and basesThe cause and characteristic of mixed acid-base balance disorderThe judgement of mixed acid-base balance disorderChapter 5 HypoxiaMaster:Conception: Hypoxia，cyanosis, enterogenous cyanosis.Parameters of blood oxygenClassification of hypoxia and their mechanisms and characteristics of blood oxygen of each type. Functional and metabolic changes of respiratory, circulation blood system and tissue cells. Familiarize:Causes of all types of hypoxiaUnderstand:Principles of hypoxia treatmentChapter 6 FeverMaster:Conception: fever, ndogenous pyrogenPathogenesis of feverFamiliarize:Periods of feverUnderstand:1.Classification of exogenous pyrogen, endogenous pyrogen and chemical febrile mediators.2.Functional and metabolic changes of fever3.Principles of fever treatmentChapter 7 Dysfunction of Cell Signaling in DiseaseMaster:aberrant receptors in diseases and aberrant G-proteins in diseasesFamiliarize :the major pathways for cell signalingunderstand:the major causes of dysfunction of cell signalingthe development of biological therapies designed to target specific cell-signalling pathways. Chapter 8 cell proliferation and differentiation and the related diseases Master:Concept of cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell cycle Deregulation of cell proliferation and tumorAbnormal differentiation in tumorsFamiliarize:Specific checkpoints in the cell cycleControl of cell differentiationUnderstand:Cell cycle control systemRelationship between deregulation of cell cycle and other diseases Relationship between abnormal differentiation and other diseases Chapter 9 Cell Apoptosis and diseasesMaster:Concept of cell apoptosisRegulators of cell apoptosisThe intrinsic or mitochondrial pathwayThe extrinsic or death signals /death receptor pathway Abnormal cell apoptosis in diseasesAIF pathwayFamiliarize:The differences between apoptosis and necrosis.Inducers and effectors of cell apoptosisUnderstand:Meaning of cell apoptosis in prevention of diseasesChapter 10 StressMaster:Conception: Stress, General adaptation syndrome (GAS)The pathogenesy of stress ulcerFamiliarize:Conception: StressorFounction of autonomic nervous system in response to stressEffects of stress on the bodyUnderstand:Types of stressor, Basic express of stress, Stress-related diseases, Principles of stress treatment Chapter 11 DICMaster:the concept of DIC and its pathogenesisFamiliarize:influential factors of DICmetabolic and functional alterationsunderstand：blood clotting and anticoagulationDIC’s etiology, stages, classification and the pathophysiological basis of prevetion and treatment Chapter 12 ShockMaster:Concept of shockThe development of process and pathogenesy of shockCell damage and dysmetabolism when shock occursThe concept and mechanism of multiple organ dysfunctionThe concepts of multiple organfunction, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, mixed antagonist response syndrome, compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome and the dislocation of bacteriumThe categories and pathogenesy of MODSFamiliarize:The change of vasoactive amine and regulatory peptide, and the familiarity of mediators of inflammation and SIRSThe principle of Prevention and cure for shockThe function of inflammatory factors in MODSUnderstand:The causes and categories of shockThe change of function and metabolism of organs in multiple organ dysfunctionThe causes and types of MODS, and body’s change of function and metabolism and the principle of prevention and cure when MODS occursChapter 13 Ischemia-reperfusion injuryMaster:the definition of ischemia-reperfusion injury, calcium overload and free radical.the mechanism of calcium overload, and the alterations induced by calcium overload and its mechanism.the mechanism of increased generation of oxygen free radical during ischemia-reperfusion. Familiarize:the definition of reactive oxygen species, pH paradox, oxygen paradox and myocardial stunning. the causes and influential factors of ischemia-reperfusion injury.the mechanisms of injury induced by oxygen free radical during ischemia-reperfusion.the causes and effect of neutrophil activation during ischemia-reperfusion.Understand:the causes of decrease of energy-rich phosphate compounds during ischemia-reperfusion.the mechanisms of arrhythmia during ischemia-reperfusion.he normal generation and scavenging of free radical.the principles of treatment on ischemia-reperfusion injury.Chapter 14 Heart failureMaster：conception of cardiac insufficiency and heart failurepathogenesis of heart failureFamiliarize：causes and precipitation of heart failure.compensative ways of heart failure and their significance.physiological and metabolic alterations of body in heart failureUnderstand：Classifications of heart failureprinciples of prevention and treatment of heart failureChapter 15 Respiratory FailureMaster:concepts: respiratory failure(type I and type II),functional shunt (venous admixture), dead space-like ventilation, true shunt, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pulmonary heart disease , pulmonary encephalopathypathogenesis and alteration of blood gases of respiratory failurepathogenesis of ARDSpathogenesis of pulmonary heart diseasethe main alterations of metabolism and function during respiratory failurebe familiar with :pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary leading to respiratory failureunderstand:etiology of respiratory failurepathophysiological basis of prevention and treatmentChapter 16 Hepatic encephalopathyMaster:Concept of hepatic encephalopathy and false neurotransmittersAmmonia intoxication hypothesis of hepatic encephalopathyAmino acid imbalance hypothesis of hepatic encephalopathyPrecipitating factors of hepatic encephalopathyFamiliarize:Cause for elevated ammonia of hepatic encephalopathyThe GABA hypothesis of hepatic encephalopathyConcept of hepatic insufficiency, hepatic failure and hepatorenal syndromeMechanism of hepatorenal syndromeUnderstand:Etiology of hepatic diseasesClassifications of encephalopathyEffects of other neurotoxins in encephalopathyPrinciples of treatment of hepatic encephalopathyChapter 17 Renal FailureMaster:the concept of acute renal insufficiency(ARI), olicguric mechanism for olicguric ARI and alterations of metabolism and functions, concepts and mechanism for chronic renal insufficiency(CRI) and uremia; pathogenesis of renal hypertension, renal anemia and renal osteodystrophyFamiliarize:etiology and classification of ARI, process of olicguric ARI and nonolicguric ARI, etiology, stages, water and electrolyte disorders, metabolism and acid-base imbalanceUnderstand:pathophysiological basis of prevetion and treatment for ARI, CRI and uremiaChapter 18 Brain dysfunctionMaster :the definition of cognitive disorders and consciousness disorders.the etiology and pathogenesis of cognitive disorders and consciousness disorders. Familiarize:the major manifestations of cognitive disorders and consciousness disorders. Understand:the characteristics of brain diseases, the principles of treatment on cognitive disorders and consciousness disorders.二、contents of course and distribution of teaching timechapter Contens of theory course period1 Introduction (self-learning)2 General introduction of disease 23 Disorders of water and electrolyte metabolism 44 Acid-base balance and disturbances 45 hypoxia 26 fever 27 Dysfunction of cell signaling in diseases 28 Cell proliferation,differentiation and the relateddiseases(self- learning)9 Cell apoptosis and the related diseases 210 stress 211 DIC 212 shock 213 Ischemia-eperfusion injury 214 Heart failure 415 Respiratory failure 416 Hepatic failure 217 renal failure 418 Brain dysfunction(self-learning)48Totalperiod三、references:1、《Pathophysiology 》6th edition ,by Jin Huiming, people’s medical publishing house，2003，8 （for five-year medical students）2、《pathophysiology》，1th edition ,by Wang jianzhi, people’s medical publishing house，2005，3（for seven-year medical students）3、《pathophysiology》，1th edition ,by Chen Zhuchu, people’s medical publishing house，2005，3（for eight-year medical students）.4、《Pathophysiology (Hardcover) 》3rd Bk&Cdr edition,by Lee-Ellen Copstead, JacquelynBanasik，W.B. Saunders Company，(February 23, 2005)5、《Pathophysiology 》7th edition ,by Porth, Carol Mattson，Lippincott Williams & Wilkins，2005.6、《Pathophysiology 》7th edition，by Springhouse, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins，2004.一、teaching objectives and requirement of the course(一) teaching objectivesPathophysiology is a branch of medical sciences that combines physiology and pathology to elucidate the etiology and pathogenesis of disease. It concerns the occurrence, development and outcome of disease to clarify the essence of disease, and provides experimental and theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Thus, it is believed to serve a bridge between basic medical science and clinical science, play an important role in the medical education system. Pathophysiology is mainly composed of four parts: a brief introduction of disease, fundamental common pathological processes, organic pathophysiology and cellular and molecular pathophysiology. Based on the training guidance for the students majored in clinical medicine and other related clinical medicine, students will be expected to obtain the following knowledge and skill after taking this course:1. Basic theory and knowledge(1) Master the underlying mechanisms by which disease occurs and the resultant functionaland metabolic alternations within the body.(2) Be familiar with the causes and conditions of disease.(3) Understand the pathophysiological basis for clinical diagnosis, treatment andprevention.2. General capability and skill(1) Self-learning ability: Points will be explained and stressed in the class. Further readingwill be instructed.(2) Skills of problem-solving and comprehensive analytical ability: Questions in actualclinical cases will be discussed.(3) Speciality English terms3. Innovative ability:4. The teaching period is arranged with 48 periods of theory course and corresponding 35periods of practice course.(二) teaching requirement of the courseChapter 1 Brief introduction to pathphysiologyUnderstandconception and task of pathophysiologyacademic position, role and main content of pathophysiology.main research target of pathophysiology and its evolutionary history。