胶体金技术的应用及展望
胶体金技术的研究进展及展望
邬冰 何娜
目录
胶体金的概念
特征性质
胶体金 - 制备方法与贮存
实际应用 研究进展与展望
胶体金的概念
胶体金(colloidal gold),又称金溶胶(gold solution),是指分散相粒子直径在 l—150nm之间的金溶胶,属于多相不均匀体系,颜色呈桔红色到紫红色。胶体金可 以作为标记物用于免疫组织化学,近10多年来胶体金标记已经发展为一项重要的免 疫标记技术。溶液中的金原子越来越多,达到了饱和就会析出纳米级的小金粒子 (种子),其余的金原子依附于金种子上而使其长大。用不同种类、不同剂量的还 原剂,可以控制所产生的金颗粒的大小。胶体金免疫分析在药物检测、生物医学等 许多领域的研究已经得到发展,并越来越受到相关研究领域的重视。
比较采用4种不同化学还原法制备出单分散性好的胶体金样品
柠檬酸三钠 鞣酸 抗坏血酸
硼氢化钠
结果表明,丌同方法制备得到的胶体金的光学性质、贮存稳定 性及其对蛋白质的标记能力不同。不同方法制备的胶体金样品 其外观色泽均呈现红色略带紫色或葡萄酒红色,可见光谱图最大吸 收峰波长为510~525nm,胶体金粒径在5~20之间,丌同贮存条件 对胶体金稳定性有影响,其中以4℃条件下贮存的胶体金最稳定, 丌同方法制备得到的胶体金对蛋白质的最佳标记量有影响。
A protein assay based on colloidal gold conjugates with trypsin(基于胶体金偶联胰蛋白酶A蛋白检测) The standard sol particle immunoassay (SPIA) is based on a biospecific aggregation of gold nanoparticle conjugates, followed by conventional spectrophotometry. Here we propose a novel SPIA format that uses microtitration immunological plates and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader. The novel and standard assays are exemplified by determination of immunoglobulin G by using 15-nm colloidal gold-protein A conjugates. We also describe a novel sol particle-trypsin assay using conjugates of gold nanoparticles with trypsin. The method is based on measuring spectral extinction changes caused by the addition of protein to a conjugate solution. The changes in the extinction spectra are presumed to be related to aggregation of gold nanoparticles caused by polyvalent binding of protein molecules to the trypsin molecules of the conjugates.
Colloidal gold based electrochemical immunoassays for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction(基于胶体金的电化学免疫诊断为急性心肌梗死) The performed immunoassays(免疫测定) are directed to the determination of protein markers for acute myocardial infarction(急性心 肌梗死). The determination assays for human myoglobin(肌红蛋白), cardiac troponin complex(肌钙蛋白复合物) and the MB isoform of the enzyme creatine kinase are presented. Cyclic voltammetry measurements are adopted for the determination of colloidal gold used as a label in the immunuassays. The measurements are performed with a screen-printed graphite electrode in a sample volume of 50μl. The influence of different diameter colloidal gold particles on the assay sensitivity is also investigated.
Colloidal gold nanoparticle modified carbon paste interface for studies of tumor cell adhesion and viability(胶体金纳米改性碳对肿瘤细胞粘附和可行 性研究的粘贴界面) A non-toxic biomimetic interface for immobilization of living cells and electrochemical exogenous effect study of cell viability was constructed by mixing colloidal gold nanoparticles in carbon paste. A new approach to study the effects of anti-tumor drug and other exogenous factors on cell viability was proposed. The nanoparticles were efficient for preserving the activity of immobilized living cells and preventing their leakage from the electrode surface. The immobilized living AsPC-1 cells (pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells derived from ascites) exhibited an irreversible voltammetric response related to the oxidation of guanine. The presence of guanine was verified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The contents of guanine in cytoplasm of each AsPC-1 and normal pancreatic cell were detected to be 370 and 22amol, respectively. The cytotoxic effect of adriamycin resulted in a decrease in peak current of guanine. The optimal exogenous factors that affected cell viability, including pH, temperature and salt concentration of electrolyte, were just consistent with cell growth conditions in culture. This simple and rapid method could be applied for the electrochemical investigation of exogenous effect and characterization of the viability of living cells.
主要利用了金颗粒具有高电 子密度的特性,在金标蛋白 结合处,在显微镜下可见黑 褐色颗粒,当这些标记物在 相应的配体处大量聚集时, 肉眼可见红色或粉红色斑点, 因而用于定性或半定量的快 速免疫检测方法中,这一反 应也可以通过银颗粒的沉积 被放大,称之为免疫金银
染色
胶体金 - 制备方法与贮存
胶体金的制备幵丌难,但要制好高质量的胶体金却也幵非易事。因此对每次制好的 胶体金应加以检定,主要检查指标有颗粒大小,粒径的均一程度及有无凝集颗粒等
免疫胶体金技术的应用
1. 金颗粒具有高 电子密度, 在电镜 下清晰可辨。金 标记技术能较好 地保持组织和细 胞原有细微结构, 幵对被测抗原或 抗体进行组织或 细胞的定位观察
电镜水平的应用
光镜水平的应用
2.胶体金用亍光 镜水平的研究, 可弥补其他标记 物丌可避免的本 底过高和内部酶 活性干扰等缺点
3.斑点金免疫渗滤法的 基本原理仍是间接法或 胶体金免疫层析法 夹心法。试验方法是以 (CIA) 硝 酸纤维素膜为载体, 将试剂、标本滴加在膜 4. 其原理是将配体(抗体或抗原)先固定亍硝酸纤 上, 使抗原抗体反应和 维素膜等微孔滤膜的某一区带, 胶体金标记另一 斑点金免疫渗滤法 洗涤在一特殊的渗滤装 配体, 吸附亍玱璃纤维上, 然后固定亍硝酸纤维素 置上以液体渗滤过膜的 (又名滴金法) 膜的某一特定位置, 当干燥的硝酸纤维素膜一端 (Dotimmuogo filtration assay 方式迅速完成 浸到样品后, 由亍毛细作用, 样品将沿着膜向上移 DIGFA) 动, 当移动至胶体金标记物处时, 如样品中含有带 检受体, 则发生第一步高度特异性的免疫反应, 形 成的免疫复合物继续移动至线状包被区时, 发生 应用: 第二步高度特异性的免疫反应, 形成的免疫复合 胶体金技术目前主要用亍快速筛 物被截留在包被的线状区, 通过标记的胶体金而 查检测,对可疑结果要做更进一 显红色(检测带) , 而游离标记物则越过检测带, 不 结合标记物自动分离。 步的检查