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自考旅游英语选读chapter 2
Business travel include not only overseas and home journeys by nationals of a country but also visits by foreign nationals. 商务旅行不仅包括国人的海外及国内旅行也包括外国人的 旅行。 Business travel tends to be price inelastic and nonseasonal. 商务旅游趋于无价格弹性和无季节性特点。
Lesson Six
Type of tourists and Their Needs 旅游者的类型和需求
分类
休息和消遣性 文化旅游型 猎奇旅游 旅游是一种行为标准 其他类型消遣旅游者 商务旅游型
I. 休闲消遣型旅游
为休息和消遣进行旅游的旅游者要求消费得起的高下优 质膳食。对旅游景点和目的地的选择取决于他们的消遣 方式。 想饱览乡村风光的旅行者会选择随车观光旅游,每晚在 不同地方留宿,旅行线路和行程比宾馆大小和质motivation of tourism(旅游动机) the key to understanding tourist motivation is to see vacation travel as a satisfier of needs and wants. 了解旅游动机的关键是把旅游看做对人们愿望的满足。 They take vacation in the hope and belief that these vacations will satisfy, either wholly or partially, various needs and wants. 人们之所以旅游是希望旅行活动能全部或部分满足人们 的愿望。
几个重要的句子
Travelling for reasons of health can be interpreted as a way of attempting to satisfy one’s safety needs(p69).为健康原因 而进行的旅游可被看成满足人的安全需要的一种方式。 The organized tour is often mentioned as a method of encouraging and satisfying this need for companionship and social interaction.(p70) 组团旅游常被看成是为鼓励和满足 伙伴、社会关系需要而采取的形式。 ”VFR“=visit friends and relatives探亲访友式(归属和爱的 动机表现) part of this is the “ethnic or roots market”(种族或祖先式) If lodging or meals are taken in hotels instead of with family, it tends to have a greater impact on the economy.(P71) 如旅游者吃住在旅馆而不在家里,那对经济有着重大影响。
II.文化型旅游
对文化感兴趣的人,地理位置及是否有文化 活动将决定他们对目的地的选择。膳宿条件 退居其次,文化活动举办地的远近是首选。
III. 求学旅游
无论是为了去了解某些东西还是去学习知识, 都会选择与目的相符的旅游地,膳食条件是次 要的
IV. 猎奇旅游
如去遥远什么的地方(东南亚、非洲、南美),他 们希望得到高质量的服务,也能付得起。 如去冒险,他们会接受现有条件,希望与旅游目的 一致。他们陶醉于壮丽美景,欣赏珍稀动植物
•增加新型旅游者—“国际短程旅游者”(international excursionist):为消遣到另一国做短暂游览而逗留时间 不超过24小时的游客。 •给过境游客(transit traveler)下定义:途径一国而 未作停留,或途经该国不超过24小时只做短暂非旅游性停 留的人。
1963年联合国召开国际旅行和旅游会议:
The need for esteem breaks down into two components: self-esteem and esteem from others (自尊和被尊重) self-actualization can be considered the end or goal of leisure. 自我实现被认为是闲暇的目的 The need to know and understand can be viewed the desire for knowledge. 认知了解是对知识的渴求 The need for aesthetics is seen in those who travel for environmental reasons 欣赏环境而旅游的人是对美的追求
2) Maslow’s hierachy of needs model (马斯洛的需要层次模型):
a. b. c. d. e. f. g.
Physiological---hunger, thirst, rest, activity(生理需要) Safety---security, freedom from fear and anxiety Belonging and love---affection, giving and receiving love Esteem-- self esteem and esteem from others 心理需要 Self-actualization---personal self-fulfillment To know and understand—acquiring knowledge Aesthetics---appreciation of beauty(知识需要)
Chapter Two
The Tourist
Lesson 4
Defining a Person 旅游者的定义
课文结构
I. International Travel
II. Domestic Travel
a. WTO 的定义 b. United States 的定义 c. Canada 的定义 d. UK 的定义
确定了Tourists(旅游者)和visitors(游览者)的区别
Tourists: stay for more than 24 hours (过夜) Visitors: stay for less than 24 hours(不过夜)
国际旅游组织推荐的术语和相关定义(P51): 注意以下几个概念: International visitors(国际游客)包括以下两个: •International tourists 国际旅游者 spend at least one night in the destination country 至少一晚 •International excursionists 国际短程游览者 do not spend at least at night 在目的国不超过一晚 注意:do not include in-transit passengers 不包括途中旅游 者(在某国降落但未入关飞机乘客)
主观条件
1. objective conditions of tourism(客观条件)
a. positive effects on demands(积极影响): discretionary incomes/ increased educational standards/ increased leisure time/ improved transport (P63) b. negative effects on demands(消极影响): life cycle of the family(P62)
II.国内旅游
1981年WTO提出国内旅游定义的准则供各国参考(P52)
不同旅游组织给国内旅游者的定义
WTO:国内旅游者:at least 24hs小于一年 国内短途旅游者:less than 24hs 美国:1.美国旅游资源评审委员会:单程至少80km
2.美国旅游统计中心:单程至少160km 3.有些州:单程至少80km 4.弗罗里达州:非本州居民至少逗留一夜以上 加拿大:最小距离80km 安大略省:单程40km以上 哥伦比亚省:外出住宿至少一晚,无具体距离
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I. 国际旅游
• 1937年国际联盟统计专家委员会首次解释: 国际旅游者是离开自己的居住过,到另外一个国家超过 24小时的人。 • 不包括: 到某国就业任职或定居的人 到国外学习的学生 越过边境工作的边境居民 临时过境的旅游者
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1950年国际官方旅游组织(IUOTO)给出的定义:
•修学旅游的学生归为旅游者
客观条件
Increased leisure time, especially with improved incomes in the developed countries, has led to growing demand for tourism both at home and abroad.(P63) The development of the car, associated road networks, the railways, efficient aircraft offering greater comfort and safety. Bus and coach tours and railway excursions have great impact on those with limited incomes. Long distance, international air travel improvements, especially cheaper fares have increased demand from the higher income groups but also extended possibilities for such holidays to the middle income and less well-off persons.