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Manhattan 语法—中文精简版
Manhattan 语法—中文精简版
by kanon8920 @ ChsaeDream
一、SC 的做题方法与原则 1、 不是找对的,而是选最好的。 2、 方法:排除法,首先在稿纸上写下所有选项,然后根据一些相似性将答案大致分组,根 据各组的不同特点划去错误的,比较剩余选项,针对区别进行判断,剩下最好的。 3、 做改错题时,首先应通读句子,找出句子中能帮助做题的关键词。在很多情况下,句子 中帮助做题的关键词离划线部分会很远。 4、 GMC 原则:grammar, meaning and concision, including:主谓一致,平行,代词,修 饰,动词时态、语态和主被动,比较和习惯用法 二、意思和简洁度 GMAT改错题关键的三个要点,顺序依次为: STEP 1、 首先看有无语法错误 STEP 2、 看意思表达是否准确 STEP 3、 是否简洁 (一) 意思 1、正确用词 ①Economic-经济的; economical-节约的;合算的;有效的 ②Aggravate-加重,恶化; aggravating-令人愤怒的 ③Known as –被认为是,很著名; known to be-被承认…;known for ④Loss of –失去;loss in-贬值 ⑤Mandate-命令;have a mandate-拥有选举权 ⑥Native of- (人)来自;native to –物种起源于 ⑦Range of –多种的; ranging-变化 ⑧ Rate of –速度或频率; rates for – 价格… ⑨Rise –上升,形容无方向,单纯上升; raise-(打赌或工资)上涨,有方向 ⑩Such as –比如; like-好像 (举例只能用such as, 不能用like) ⑾Try to do –努力去完成; try doing –尝试去做 ⑿ impale-刺穿;impel-逼迫 2、情态动词 (1)当原句意思上没有问题时,忠实原句,不做任何修改,即使修改过来也成立。 Actual: If Chris and Jed met, they DISCUSSED mathematics. Hypothetical: If Chris and Jed met, they WOULD DISCUSS mathematics. (2)当原句意思上有问题时,要替换为相对好点的那个。 EG:should 在GMAT中表示“道德上的义务”,而不是“好像”的意思。 3、词在句中的位置 (1)要关注一些重点词,all, only;位置不同句子意思也不一样。 EG: ONLY the council votes on Thursdays. The council votes ONLY on Thursdays. (2)关注句子的整体顺序,是否会产生歧义;EG:主被动语序强调的对象不同。 (3)在英语中,一般主语会放在谓语前面,因此一般不会用倒装结构,除非开头是否定词。 定语从句中,一般不用倒装。例如:OG129。 4、搭配 句子各成分是搭配在一起才有意义。 (二) 简洁 § 简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点,只有在语法和意思都无误的情况,才选择最简洁的;换言 1
Manhattan 语法—中文精简版
by kanon8920 @ ChsaeDream
fleet, fruit, furniture (七)非限制性的代词,一般用单数 Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every, someone, somebody, something, everyone, whatever, whoever 但是如下几个特殊情况,需要根据内容确定单复数:some, any, none, all ,more/most, part EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet. Some of the documents were stolen from the bank. (八)each & every 两个词如果放在复数之前用复数,复数之后用单数 EG: every dog and cat has paws. They each are great tennis players. (九)量词 A number of +复数主语+复数谓语 The number of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语 Majority, minority, and plurality 根据其修饰的主语决定其单复数 (十)短语或者从句:用单数 注意:当判断倒装句的单复数,要看谓语动词后名词(主语)的单复数 EG: near those buildings sits a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. 定语从句内结构最好不用倒装 OG 68: sth that be…,当前面的sth做主语的时候, that be一般要省略,否则不符合英文表达 习惯;另外,诸如evidence之类的词,后面要跟that从句。 (十一)倒装:主语的单复数向后看 EG: 1. Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters. 2. Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop. Flip it! A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop. Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop. 3. Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current computer pastimes. Flip it! Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended. Right: Pong is a classic game from which HAVE descended many current computer pastimes. 四、平行结构 (一)平行结构的标志词 And, both and, or, either or; neither nor, not but, not only but also, rather than, from to (二)平行元素 1.有时候be, can, to…会被省略掉 2.平行结构开始于同一个词 (三)AND:最重要,GMAT 中喜欢在长句和意思相对独立句中的and前加逗号。 (四)一些常见的并列习语 A act as B, distinguish X from Y, X is the same as Y, as A, so B, estimate X to be Y, X is good, and so too is Y, X instead of Y, X, such as Y, compared to X, Y, X is known to be Y, think of X as Y, consider X Y, X is less than Y, make X Y, declare X Y, Mistake X For Y, Whether X Or Y, X develops Into Y, Not Only X(,)But Also Y, X Differs From Y, regard X As Y (五)系动词两边的成分要并列 3
Manhattan 语法—中文精简版
by kanon8920 @ ChsaeDream
之,如果语法无问题,即使很长也会比一个语法有问题,很短的句子好。 § GMAT语法题中,如果一个词可以搞定的意思,不要用一个短语,EG: differ好于have difference in Wordy: They HAVE DIFFERENCES over THE WAY IN WHICH the company should MAKE INVESTMENTS in new technologies. Better: They DIFFER over HOW the company should INVEST in new technologies. 切忌冗余: 1、在一个句子中,不要用两个意思一样的词 Rise-increase; sum-total; regain-again; enable- be able to; attempt-try; other than- opposite; drop-decrease; sufficient-enough; including-among; have to –require 及近义词then-later; so-in order to 2、注意being、having,虽然二者大多数情况是错的,但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语 法错误,使得此类选项稍好一点。 3、注意修饰时间的词 过去:previously; formerly; in the past; before 现在:now; currently; presently; at present; 每年的:annual; each year; a year EG: OG12 unaccompanied是不好的表达,意思不如not accompanied 清晰;另外关于什么 的增长,一般的用法是increase in sth,而不是increased sth 三、主语与谓语 每一个句子都必须有一个主语和谓语(动词),且主语和谓语要一致。 (一)连词开头的句子一定要有主句,否则是错误的。 EG: Because the dog was never mine. 错误,缺乏一个主句 (二)主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理,主语和谓语在单复数上要一致 EG: × The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. (development能够不加油就跑几百miles) (三)容易引起主语不明显的两个情况 1. 插入语:在主语和谓语之间插入一些说明的成分 2.前置短语:在主语之前放一些修饰成分 EG: (when the auditors left), the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad. 说明:从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分,类似大形容词,大名词或大副词 (四)and 和 表示连接的词 1. and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构,谓语动词要用复数。 2. 其他连接性的词(along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including)连接不 同的名词,只是起着修饰的作用,不会改变主语的单复数,不影响谓语动词。 3. 一些表示学科的词 (physics, mathematics) 、 一些活动 (aerobics) 和一些疾病 (diabetes) 虽然以S结尾,仍属于单数名词,谓语动词用单数。 (五)either or, neither nor 1. 就近原则:离谓语动词近的是单数,谓语动词就用单数;复数就用复数 EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach. 2. 若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor,则谓语动词一定要用单数 (六)集合性名词:一般被认为是单数名词,看做一个整体,跟单数谓语 agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team,baggage, citrus, equipment, 2