毕业设计论文外文资料翻译附件1：外文资料翻译译文起重机的工作需要更多的科学技术起重机的出现大大提高了人们的劳动效率，以前需要许多人花长时间才能搬动的大型物件现在用起重机就能轻易达到效果，尤其是在小范围的搬动过程中起重机的作用是相当明显的。
战后的前几年，世界性的工业诞生了，起重机行业几乎完全停止。
然而到这个年代末，起重机的建造变得多元化并传播到世界各地，它的前所未有的蓬勃发展似乎整个工业注入了新能源。
轻型起重机投入到工作地点并准备作为主要机械，因为人们意识到了在工作间不用拆除他们的的优点。
这些新的设计也不再需要其他起重设备协助操纵——相比以前在安装前要进行繁琐的设计。
但是，在这一切之前发生了恐怖的第二次世界大战。
到1940年，欧洲完全陷入了战争中。
到战争结束后的几十年来，欧洲和世界其他地区发生了巨大的政治，经济和社会变化，将影响整个社会结构，包括建造业和起重机行业。
在美国，蒸汽机已开始改为柴油机——到1953年超过百分之五十的机车将使用柴油机。
战争期间，挖掘机，铲运机和起重机的大规模生产在继续。
例如1940年，看到Thew推出新的'Lorain Motocrane'系列。
这其中包括三种起重机，是历史上首次自身安装了底盘的起重机。
最小的MC - 2 ，起重量达7.6吨，MC – 2起重量为9.9吨，MC – 3起重量为13.5吨。
这些起重机许多被用于军队，有的还安装在港口用作港湾式起重机（在MC - 4型）。
当然，这场战争已经削弱了能在起重机行业工作的健壮的男人的数量，并且优秀的起重机司机严重短缺。
在Thew ，一位毕业于美国海军学院的经验丰富的技工A C Burch和L K Jenkins进行了为期两天的起重机业务课程的教授。
这两位绅士好比是我们今天所知的“经营者培训”的创始人。
他们实际上已设计了动力起重机，都深深地了解起重机，并很高兴传授这方面的知识。
当日本国家铁路公司致力于采购一种旨在搬动钢轨扣板的原型机，潮流逆转。
该设备工作极为出色。
iVlasuo Tadano环游日本，用35毫米的电影展示该设备的强大用途。
沿路上，他获取了大量订单。
同时，他好像成为当今市场营销专家所宠爱的公司影像传播的先驱！其他国家也在大力发展起重机。
特别是意大利，逐渐发展成为该行业的创新基地。
1948年Carlo Raimodi在米兰附近的Legnano，首次建造了回转塔式起重机，一种经典的顶端回转起重机。
公司最初成立于1863年，在生产起重机之前，是一间铸造厂并为技工和其他行业生产机械设备。
当时全球建筑业空前繁荣，吸引了专业设备制造商的注意。
其中许多公司在推广起重机后，推出了混凝土搅拌设备。
提供了多种不同组合，例如，Reich， Ibag和Liebherr设计开发了起重机与混凝土搅拌设备一起使用的组合。
桥式起重机小车运行机构设计主要包括起升机构、小车架、小车运行机构、吊具等部分。
其中的小车运行机构主要由减速器、主动轮组、从动轮组、传动轴和一些连接件组成。
桥式起重机是水电站桥式起重机，安装于丰满水电站扩建工程厂房内，用于水轮发电机组及其附属设备的安装和检修工作。
水电站内设备一般都是大中型设备，对桥式起重机的载荷要求较高，所以对减速器性能要求较高。
桥式抓斗起重机是桥架在高架轨道上运行，由起重小车带动抓斗抓取物料的一种桥架型起重机。
桥架沿铺设在两侧高架上的轨道纵向运行，起重小车沿铺设在桥架上的轨道横向运行，构成矩形的工作范围，就可以充分利用桥架下面的空间吊运物料，不受地面设备的阻碍。
桥式抓斗起重机广泛应用于电厂、煤厂等需要散料装卸的场合，由于该设备笨重，运输安装困难，对其产品质量检测一般需要在现场进行。
所以要求控制设备接线方便，体积小便于携带。
又由于使用现场条件不动，还要求检测设备有随机手动控制功能，以保证运行时的安全。
随着对起重运输机械控制要求的不断提高,控制手段也越来越先进。
目前国内的桥式起重机控制系统都需要人在现场进行控制，控制方式都比较落后。
在中小型起重机中, 大都采用控制器直接控制大、小车运行, 主、副钩提升、下降重物及调速。
塔式起重机是建筑施工垂直运输的主要设备，也是衡量一个建筑施工企业装备实力的重要标识，在当今竞争日益激烈的建筑市场，为满足施工需要，很多施工企业都购置了塔式起重机。
随着塔式起重机在施工现场的广泛使用，由塔式起重机引发的伤亡事故也越来越多，给人民的生命财产带来重大损失。
据国内有关部门统计资料表明，塔式起重机的事故率已达2.77%。
其安全问题仍然是建筑施工中的忧患。
松散的培训，测试和监督的要求, 周围的建筑起重机给这些工作的人树立了一种虚假的安全感，在我们的行业。
最近塔式起重机倒塌在一个繁忙的纽约市建筑地盘应敲响警钟，提醒我们问题的存在，并加强我们目前安全的做法。
当谈到安全问题时，训练和测试是关键。
不过，建造业是把不合格人员放在建筑起重机的驾驶位上，甚至没有通过今天的测试。
在许多地方，没有任何经验必须合格的通过标准化的测试。
一周的学习将给予一些人足够的知识足以通过认证考试，然后他们可以跳转到的起重机的驾驶室。
想象一下一个商业航空公司飞行员和一个认证的起重机操作员有相同的训练。
你会如何感觉，下一次你决定要坐飞机？在加利福尼亚州，掌握一对剪刀在头发沙龙比操作有潜在危险的起重机械需要更多的时间训练。
如何，这是否合理？装配工人和发信号的人也需要标准的培训和测试，以确保安全下钩。
雇主通常允许任何工人发信号指挥起重机上工地，尽管最佳做法是需要合格的人这样做。
怎么能允许那么无证和未受过训练的人来代替有工作证或经核证的操作者呢？塔式起重机是特别危险的，尤其是在市区用地变得更加拥挤时。
攀登行动更是一个风险的行动，其灾难性非常高。
然而，大多数塔式起重机攀登员的训练，在一个非传统的方式，通过二手知识已流传一段时间。
问题与这种类型的现成的知识是，多年来，留下来的非常少，但最重要的细节却丢失了。
这种“渗透”的知识，导致操作者只能发展自己的技巧攀登起重机，往往放弃基本的安全，企图以节省时间和能源.在许多情况下没有安全装置或警报来提醒严重的问题的存在。
攀登人员容易遭受到影响安全性至关重要的决策所带来的压力。
攀登时，使用损坏或泄漏的液压系统，没有任何的调整，这并不鲜见。
在黑暗中工作和延长工作时间是时有发生的。
这种攀登方法，其中的每一次攀登都会成为新的冒险，不应该作为规范被采纳。
攀爬架的设计，在制造商之间存在不同，但设计的步骤在原则上是相似的。
攀登过程中是相对比较明了的，配合着的体力劳动和技术程序。
这是并不复杂，它是更多地了解知道正确的序列需要做什么，然后按照下列步骤，一个又一个，确保每一步在做下一步前成功完成。
这是十分重要，每个人都清楚的知道事情进展的怎么样，在每一个阶段存在什么样的危险。
当这些需要得到满足，起重机作业应进行严格按照有关制造商的指示，工程原则和政府的法律。
但业内人士和国会议员，要加强他们的宽松标准，以保障公众利益。
看到自己的家园变成了尘埃和碎片的纽约市居民，会对处理这些问题的方式感到震惊。
这就是为什么业界需要规范的培训，测试和监督，其中包括一个实际的评估能力。
技术人员应该随着实际经验的提升，直接从制造商哪里获得标准训练。
视察员同样也也须有具体的技术培训。
他们应独立于安装和维修的各方面，这由客观决定。
架设的关键人员应该有标准的训练和测试.附件2：外文原文Crane Work Needs More TechniqueThe invention of crane has greatly increased people’s work efficiency .People can use crane to handle with huge articles which used to be taken a long time to do, especially in a small are The bridge type hoist crane is required to handle with huge accessory or huge device.The birth worldwide industry early post-war years, the crane industry came to an aImost complete standstill. By the end of the decade, however, crane construction had diversified and spread around the world and the industry seemed infused with newfound energy that left it flourishing as never before. Lightweight cranes thatarrived on site ready for use came to dominate construction sites as people realised the advantages of not having to dismantle them between jobs. These new designs did away with the need to have other lifting equipment assisting during rigging - a big contrast to the cumbersome rigging of previous designs. But, before all this could happen came the horrors of the Second World War. By 1940 afl of Europe was completely caught up in the conflict. By the time the war ended, Europe and other parts of the world had been subjected to extraordinary political, economic and social changes that would affect the entire fabric of society, including the construction and crane industries, for many decades to come. In the US, steam locomotives were starting to be replaced by diesel - by 1953 more than 50 per cent of all locomotives would be diesel. During the war the mass production of excavators, scrapers and cranes continued. 1940, for example, saw Thew launch the new 'Lorain Motocrane' series. This consisted of three cranes which, for the first time in history, were mounted on chassis built by the crane manufacturer itselfi The smallest crane, the MC-2, could lift 7.6 tonnes, the MC-2 9.9 tonnes and the MC-3 13.5 tonnes. These cranes were delivered to the army by the thousand, and were also mounted on portals for use as harbour cranes (the MC-4 model). The war had, of course, taken its toll on the number of able-bodied men available to work in the craneindustry and there was a serious shortage of good crane drivers. At Thew, newcomers were taught crane operations over a two-day course presented by A.C Burch, an experienced mechanic and graduate of the Naval Academy, and L.K Jenkins. These two gentlemen were probably the originators of 'operator training' as we know it today. As they had actually designed the Motocrane, both knew it inside out and were pleased to pass on this knowledge.When the Japanese National Railways committed itself to buying the prototype of a machine designed to remove railway clips, the tide turned. The machine worked splendidly and iVlasuo Tadano toured Japan showing on 35 millimetre film just what it could do. He collected numerous orders for the machine along the way and at the same time seems to have been an early pioneer of the company videos so beloved by today's marketing professionals!Other countries were also building noteworthy cranes. Italy, in particular, was developing into a source of innovative ideas for the industry.In1948 in Legnano,near Milan,Carlo Raimodi built his first slewing tower crane,a classic top slewer The company was originally established in 1863 as a foundry and had, until making its crane debut, built machines and components for the millwright and other industries. There was now a worldwide boom in construction and this attracted the attention of specialist equipment manufacturers, many of whomfollowed the launch of crane ranges with the introduction of concrete mixing equipment. This combination of equipment was supplied in a variety of forms: Reich, Ibag and Liebherr, for example, supplied cranes and concrete mixing machines designed to be used together. Important slewing tower crane manufacturer.The bridge type hoist crane car consists of protmoted organization，the car frame，the car movement organization，hoisting mechanisms and so on. Its operation structure is composed of reducer，the driving wheel group，the driven wheel group，the transmission shaft and some connect fitting. The core of this structure is the design of the reducer.This bridge type hoist crane is be used to the hydroelectric power station. It is installed in the expanded workshop of Fengman water and electricity station.It is used to installing,examining and repairing the water-turbine generator set and its accessorial equipments.the equipments in the water and electricity station are large or medium-size. These equipments have a high request on the load of bridge type hoist crane , so they also have a high request on the capability of the reducer.Grab bridge bridge crane is running on the elevated track, the car driven by the lifting of materials crawl grab a bridge-crane. Bridge laying on both sides along the elevated track on the vertical run, liftingtrolley along the bridge in laying the track on the horizontal run, a rectangular scope of work, you can make full use of space below the bridge lifting material from Ground equipment hindered. Grab bridge cranes widely used in power plants, Mei Chang, and other needs of bulk material handling of the occasion, because of the heavy equipment, transportation difficulties installation, testing the quality of their products in general need in the field. Therefore, control equipment requirements for wiring, small size and portability. And the use of fixed-site conditions, also called a random testing equipment manual control functions to ensure the safety of operation. With the lifting of the transport requirements of the mechanical control continuously improve, more and more advanced means of control. At present the domestic bridge crane control system requires people at the scene to control, control methods are backward. In small and medium-sized crane, the most direct control over the use of controllers, car running, Lord, vice hook upgrade, dropped weights and speedCrane work needs more technology. Construction of tower cranes are the main vertical transportation equipment and also a measure of construction companies and equipment strength of the important logo, in today's increasingly competitive construction market, to meet the construction needs of many constructioncompanies have bought the tower crane. With the tower crane at the construction site of the widely used by the tower crane accident also caused more and more to people's lives and property brought about great losses. According to national statistics, the departments concerned, the tower crane accident rate reached 2.77 percent. Its security problem is still the urgency of the constructionLoose training, testing and oversight requirements for the people who work around construction cranes have fostered a false sense of security in our industry. The recent deadly tower-crane collapse at a congested New YorkCity building site should be a wake-up call for us to question and step up our current safety practices.Training and testing is king when it comes to safety. But the construction industry is putting unqualified personnel in the seats of construction cranes, even with today's testing. In many places, no experience is necessary after passing a standardized test. One week of study will give some people enough knowledge to pass a certification examination, and then they can jump into the cab of a crane.Imagine that a commercial airline pilot had the same training as a certified crane operator. How would you feel the next time you decided to fly? In California, it takes more hours of training to wield apair of scissors in a hair salon than to operate potentially dangerous lifting machinery. How does this make sense?Riggers and signal persons also need standard training and testing to ensure safety under the hook. Employers usually allow any craft to signal a crane on a jobsite, despite best practices that require only qualified people do so. How is it then that uncertified and untrained people are allowed to signal and rig under the hook of a licensed or certified operator?Tower cranes are particularly risky as urban sites become more congested, and the risk of a catastrophic event is very high during climbing operations. Yet most tower-crane climbing crews are trained in a non-traditional manner, via secondhand knowledge that has been passed down over time. The problem with this type of hand-me-down knowledge is that it changes over the years, leaving out small-but-important details along the way. This "osmosis" of knowledge leads crews to develop their own tricks for climbing cranes, often forsaking basic safety in an attempt to save time and energy.In many cases, there are no safety devices or alarms to warn of a serious problem. Climbing crews are subjected to pressures that affect safety-critical decision-making. It is not uncommon for climbs to continue with damaged or leaking hydraulic systems, out-of-adjustment or jammed guide rollers, often working in the darkand for extended hours. This "MacGyver" method of climbing, where every jump becomes a new adventure, should not be the norm.Climbing-frame designs vary among manufacturers, but the operational steps are similar in principle. The climbing process is relatively straightforward, with a mixture of physical work and technical procedure. It is not complex; it is more about knowing the proper sequence of what needs to be done and then following the steps, one by one, making sure each step has been successfully completed before moving onto the next. It is essential that everyone know exactly what is going on and what the dangers are at every stage.When these needs are satisfied, crane operations should be carried out in strict accordance with the manufacturers' instructions, engineering principals and governmental laws. But industry stakeholders and lawmakers need to step up their lax standards to protect the public. New York City residents, who have seen their homes turned into dust and debris, would be shocked at the way the industry deals with these issues.That's why the industry needs standardized training, testing and oversight for this work, including a practical assessment of competence. Technicians should have model-specific training directly from the manufacturer, along with a level of practical experience.Inspectors, too, should be required to have specific technical training. They should be independent from all aspects of installation and maintenance to allow for objective decisions. Key personnel on erection crews should have standard training and testing.。