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Life is a journey. The Internet is a highway .
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Orientational metaphors
Definition: Orientational metaphor is the one that does not structure one concept in terms of another but instead organizes a whole system of concepts with respect to one another.
What is metaphor composed of?
tenor（本体）
vehicle（喻体）ground（喻底）
A is B eg. Life is journ编e辑yp.pt
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Definition
A metaphor is the understanding itself of one concept in terms of another.
Metaphors We Live By
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HAPPY IS UP
CONSCIOUS IS UP
SAD IS DOWN
UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN
I’m feeling up. You are in high spirit. He’s really low these days. I fell into a depression
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Structural metaphors Definition:
Structural metaphor is defined as one concept is metaphorically structured in terms of another.
Lakoff&Johnson Metaphors We Live By(1980)
Physical basis: humans and most other mammals sleep lying down and stand up when they awaken.
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Ontological metaphor
Definition： A figure that provides ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances . It contains two parts Container metaphors （容器隐喻）
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Lakoff&Johnson Metaphors We Live By(1980)
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Classification
Structural metaphors（结构隐喻） Orientational metaphors（方位隐喻） Ontological metaphors（实体隐喻）
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A container metaphor is an ontological metaphor in which some concepts are represented as having an inside and outside and capable of holding something
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ARGUMENT IS WAR
Your claims are indefensible.
He attack every weak point in my argument.
His criticisms were right on target. I've never won an argument with him. He shot down all of my arguments.
I’m up already. He’s under hypnosis.
He sank into a coma.
Physical basis: Dropping posture typically goes along with sadness and depression, erect posture with a positive emotional state.
The Classification and Cognitive Functions of Metaphor
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Content
1 The Definition of Metaphor
2 The Classification of Metaphor
3 The Cognitive Functions of Metaphor
Inflation makes me sick.
We need to combat inflation.
Inflation is backing us into a corner.
speak/talk of the devil, here he is--- 说曹操，曹操到
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ContaineErxammpeletsaphors
Entity and Substances Metaphors（ 实体和物质隐喻）
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Entity and Substances Metaphors
It means that human experiences with physical objects provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc, as entities and substances. Inflation is an entity.
4 References
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Metaphor
What is metaphor?
It refers to a comparison between unlike things without the use of "like" or "as". This comparison is done between two things that are basically different but have something in common in some significant ways.