* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism 十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547)a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd CalendarThe Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian StanzaSpenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) Prose 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱the trumpeter of a new age;Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛1564-1593): University Wits大学才子派Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。
Tamburlaine the Great《帖木儿大帝》：残酷而野心勃勃的帝王b. William Shakespeare(剧作家&, 1564-1616): 154 sonnets(十四行诗) + 37 plays + long poems; 现实主义创始人16 comedies : Merchant of Venice (Shylock; Antonio; Bassanio; Portia);The Taming of the Shrew《驯悍记》A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream; As You Like It《皆大欢喜》; The Twelfth Night;The Comedy of Errors;Much Ado About Nothing《无事生非》; The Winter’s Tale《冬天的故事》; All is Well that Ends Well《终成眷属》11 tragedies: Romeo and Juliet;Hamlet; Macbeth《麦克白》;The Tempest《暴风雨》Othello: a hero Othello vs. bad man Iago; Venice and CyprusKing Lear: British King; greatest achievement; most complex in plot and most painful10 historical plays: Henry IV; Henry Vc. Ben Jonson(琼生1562-1637 诗人&剧作家&批评家): Comedy of Humors; Volpone《狐狸》; The Alchemist《炼金术士》三、17世纪文学1) Literature of the Revolution Period (Age of Milton)资产阶级革命时期: poetry (Metaphysical玄学派+ Cavalier骑士派)a. John Donne(多恩1572-1631)：玄学派创始人; A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《临别辞：莫悲伤》文风：obscene, vulgar and serious philosophical thinking – the conflict between body and soulThe Holy Sonnets; The Flea; Go and Catch a Falling Star; The Songs and Sonnets （主题-爱）b. John Milton(弥尔顿1608-1674)：Renaissance and Reformation (宗教改革)Paradise Regained《复乐园》;Paradise Lost《失乐园》: the greatest English epic;Satan is the heroSamson Agonistes《力士参孙》：closet drama; for reading rather than performing;On His Blindness《目盲自咏》; Areopagitica《论出版自由》; Comus;L’allegro 《快乐的人》;Lycidasc. John Bunyan(班扬1628-1688): prose writing in the Puritan Age; 文风：simpleand lively prose styleThe Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》: prose allegory depicting a human soul searching for salvation 宗教寓言“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，英国文学史上里程碑式著作。
与但丁《神曲》、奥古斯丁《忏悔录》并列世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。
2) Literature of the Restoration Period (Age of Dryden)王政复辟/德莱顿时期: tendancy to Realism and Formalismrestoration literature: cliquish culture小集团文化; French classical tastea. John Dryden (德莱顿1631-1700, 批评家&戏剧家)：first poet laureate(桂冠诗人); the father of English Criticismestablish the heroic couplet(英雄史诗式两行诗) as the fashion for satiric, didactic(说教) and descriptive(描写) poetry最先提出“玄学诗人”一词；他创造的“英语双韵体couplet”, 成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。
All for Love; Alexander’s Feast;An Essay of Dramatic Poesy《论戏剧诗歌》: the great playwrights of Greece and Rome, 英国文艺复兴&当代法国四、18世纪英国文学: Realism (关注社会现状，普通人)The Neoclassical Period (17世纪中期-18世纪)~ Enlightenment (启蒙运动): 18th C, 法国-西欧, a progressive intellectual movement. 文艺复兴的衍伸；资本主义反对封建主义Enlighten the world with modern philosophical and artistic ideas; rationality, equality & science~ Neo-Classicism: 早期(Addison, Steele and Pope); 中期(Samuel Johnson) old classicsConform to rules and principles established by Roman and Greek Classical writers; use rimed couplet(押韵的两行诗)Order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, be judged in terms of the thematic concerna. Samuel Pepys(毕博思1633-1703): The greatest diarist in17th C The Diaryb. Alexander Pope(蒲柏1688-1744) : 新古典主义代表; master in satire and heroiccouplet;Age of Pope – 18世纪初期文风：词句工整、精练、富有哲理；对Byron影响巨大first introduced rationalism to EnglandAn Essay on Criticism(处女作); An Essay on Man; Odyssey; The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》; Dunciad《愚人记》c. Richard Steele (斯梯尔1672-1729) & Joseph Addison (艾迪生1672-1719): literary periodicalsThe Tattler(闲谈者报): 1709, by Steele; Addison wrote essays; 抨击封建偏见，傲慢的富人，及大众对赌博和决斗的反感The Spectator(旁观者报)：共同创办；the Spectator Club --- 现代英语小说先锋贡献：资产阶级新社会道德；18世纪英国社会真实写照；英语散文正式成为一大文学流派d. Samuel Johnson (字典约翰1709-1784) : literary dictator;“grand champion in literature of that age”The Dictionary of the English Language: 英语字典的基础；The Lives of English poets: 52 early English poets2) 十八世纪小说的崛起: 首批英国小说家– the Sentimentalist & the Realist* 现实主义a. Daniel Defoe(笛福1661-1731): 英国现实主义小说奠基人;Father of English and European Novels Moll Flanders The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: the first person singularCrusoe represented the English bourgeoisie at the early stage of its development.A Journal of the Plague Yearb. Henry Fielding(菲尔丁1707-1754, 小说家&戏剧家):英国小说之父; 英国现代小说创始人；comic epic in prose创始人文风：exact study and observation of real life Joseph Andrews;AmeliaThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《弃婴汤姆·琼斯的故事》: 18世纪英国群像；Mr. Allworthy “Prose Humor”c. Jonathan Swift(斯威夫特1667-1745, 政论家&讽刺小说家): 伟大文学创造者之一；master of English satirical prose文风：simple, clear and vigor; “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definitions of a style”Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》: Liliput(小人国); Brogdingnagians(大人国); Laputa(勒普泰岛); Houyhnhnms(慧马国)The Battle of the Books; The Tale of a Tub; A Modest Proposal(bitter irony)d. Tobias George Smollett (1721-1771)：冒险小说* Sentimentalism(感伤主义): It indulges in emotion and sentiment, which are used as a sort of relief for the grief felt towards the world’s wrongs and as a kind of mild protest against social injustice.a. Samuel Richardson(理查森1689-1761): the founder of the English domestic novel 小说开始审视“发生于内心的东西”Pamela; Clarissa; The History of Sir Charles Grandisonb. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩1713-1768)：Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy《项狄传》- unusual and queer artistic formc. Oliver Goldsmith (戈德史密斯1728-1774)：Romantic school; The Deserted Village 《荒村》; She stoops to ConquerThe Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德的牧师》：one of the most enduring characters in English fiction3) Poetry of the Pre-Romanticism and Sentimentalism (前浪漫主义和感伤主义诗歌)：18世纪中期a. James Thomson(汤姆森1700-1748 苏格兰)：The Seasons: theme - nature; blank verse；the first significant poem in the tradition of Pre-Romanticismb. Edward Young(杨1683-1765)c. William Collins(柯林斯1721-1759)：Ode to Evening《晚颂》d. Thomas Gray(格雷1716-1771)：sympathy for the poor and unknown, mocks the great ones who despise and hurt themElergy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》；Ode on the Springe. William Blake(布莱克1757-1827 浪漫派诗人、画家、雕刻家)：symbolismThe Marriage of Heaven and HellSongs of Experience《经验之歌》: The Tiger; London; The Chimney-Sweeper《扫烟囱的孩子》世间的丑恶Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》: The Lamb Poetical Sketches《素描诗集》f. Robert Burns(彭斯1759-1796 苏格兰)：the greatest songwriter; the national poet of Scotland;the people’s poet文风：lyrics on love and friendship; simplicity; Scotch dialects My Heart’s in the HighlandA Red, Red Rose; Auld Lang Syne《旧日美好时光》; For a’ That and a’ That 《不管那一套》4) 戏剧a. John Gay(盖伊1685-1732):The Beggar’s Opera《乞丐歌剧》: one of the most conspicuous stage triumphsb. Richard Brinsley Sheridan(谢立丹1751-1816 喜剧作家)：tendency to Realismthe artificial comedy (风俗喜剧) & anti-sentimental movement 顶峰The Rivals《情敌》The School for Scandal《造谣学校》：best English comedy since Shakespeare two brothers – Joseph/Charles surface; criticize English high society for its vanity, greed and hypocrisy五、The Romantic Period英国浪漫主义文学(1798-1832) 女性小说家涌现passion, emotion and natural beautyIt begins with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s joint work – Lyrical Ballads in 1798.It ends with the death of Walter Scott in 1832.~ The Poetic Revolution(1798-1837): Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats 反对新古典主义文学1) 特点individuals1. It is marked by a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom.2. It returns to nature and to plain humanity for its material.3. It is marked by renewed interest and medieval ideals and literature.4. It is marked by intense human sympathy and by a consequent understanding of thehuman heart.5. It is the expression of individual genius rather than established rules.6. Spenser, Shakespeare and Milton are inspiration of the Romantic Movement.2) 诗歌– Lakers / Lake Poets (湖畔诗人, 第一代): Wordsworth, Coleridge & Southey - worshipper of naturea.William Wordsworth (华兹华斯1770-1850)：Poet LaureateLyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》：Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey 《丁登寺杂咏》;Lines Written in Early Spring 英国浪漫主义开端The Prelude《序曲》；The Solitary Reaper《孤独的割麦女》；I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud；Composed upon Westminster Bridge；Lucy Poems; My Heart Leaps Up; To the Cuckoo《致布谷鸟》b. Samuel Taylor Coleridge(柯勒律治1772-1834)：poet and literary critic；Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》；Christabel；The Rime of the Ancient Mariner(Lyrical Ballads)《古舟子咏》; The Fall of the Bastille《巴士底狱的倒塌》c. Robert Southey(骚赛)：Joan of Arc《圣女贞德》3) 诗歌–第二代诗人: 早熟、热情而短命；against the bourgeois society and the ruling class; 自由至上a. George Gordon Byron(拜伦1788-1824)：lyrical poems deal with nature and love Cain《该隐》Don Juan《唐璜》：西班牙贵族子弟周游各国，发生在18世纪后半叶。