英美文学知识点总结（专八）Old English Literature （古英语文学）（450-1066年）Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》: The first English national epic.S ir Gawain and the Green Knight 《高文爵士与绿林骑士》：knight literature.中世纪英语文学（1066-1500）Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English literature ―英国文学诗歌之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?), the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》.文艺复兴（16-17世纪）William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》Shakespeare‘s greatest works:1．Greatest tragedies are King Lear《李尔王》, Macbeth《麦克白》, Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》, Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》.2．Great comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》, As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》, The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night《第十二夜》3．great historical plays:Richard III 《理查三世》, Henry IV《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》Francis Bacon (弗朗西斯·培根, 1561-1626) a representative of the Renaissance in England, is a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of English prose.Works by Bacon:The Advancement of Learning（1605）《学术的推进》，New Instrument (1620) 《新工具》，Essays (1625) 《培根文集》.John Donne (约翰·邓恩，1572-1631), a leading figure of the ―metaphysical school‖（玄学派主要代表人物），who frequently applies conceits (奇喻) or fantastic metaphors in his poems, involving dramatic contrasts. His poems feature a diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods, achieving vividness of imagery, vitality of rhythms, ingenuity of speech and depth of philosophy.Works by Donne: Songs and Sonnets《歌与十四行诗》，of which ―The Flea‖, ―The Good Morrow‖, ―Break of Day‖and ―A Valediction: Forbidding Morning‖are most popular. HolySonnets 《圣十四行诗》，of which Holy Sonnet 10 ―Death Be Not Proud‖ is the most famous.John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was a Puritan English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epics Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson《力士参孙》.18世纪文学和新古典主义Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet (inherited from Chaucer) 英雄双韵体. His major works include mock epic satirical poem ―An Essay on Man‖《人论》and ―An Essay on Criticism‖《论批评》Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people.Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel: The History of Tom Jones《汤姆·琼斯》.Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特, 1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》.Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal (造谣学校). He was a representative writer of Comedies of Manners.Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy 《商第传》.Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德牧师传记》.Thomas Gray (托马斯•格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园哀歌》, writer of sentimentalism (感伤派作家).浪漫主义（18世纪末19世纪初）浪漫主义诗人：William Blake (1757 –1827) was an English poet, best known for his poetical collections of Song of Innocence 《天真之歌》(1789) and Song of Experience《经验之歌》（1794）.William Wordsworth (1770-1850), a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, started the Romantic Movement in the 19th-century English literature. Their collaborated work Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》（1798）marked the beginning of the Romantic Movement. Wordsworth is the major member of the Lake poets and his beautiful lyrics include Lucy Poems《露西》（1799），Poems in Two Volumes《两卷诗集》（1807），of which ―I Wondered lonely as a cloud”(1804)is the most popular. His The Prelude《序曲》（1850）is generally considered as his autobiographical poem.Samuel Taylor Coleridge (柯勒律治, 1772 –1834) was an English poet who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England and one of the Lake Poets. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子颂》and Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》.George Gordon Byron (拜伦，1788—1824 )was a English poet and a leading figure of Romanticism. Among Byron‘s best-known works are his narrative poems Childe Harold‘sPilgrimage 《哈罗尔德游记》（1812），Don Juan《唐璜》（1818-1823）and his collection of lyrics Hebrew Melodies《希伯来歌曲》（1815），of which lyrics like ―She Walks in Beauty‖《她在美中行》（1814）and ― When We Two Parted ‖《当我们分别》（1813）are most popular.Percy Bysshe Shelley (雪莱，1792—1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among the finest lyric poets in English Literature. He is perhaps most famous for his ―Ode to the West Wind‖《西风颂》（1820）, ―To a Skylark‖《致云雀》（1820）, ―Ozymandias‖《奥西曼提斯》（1818）and Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》. Mary Shelley (1797 –1851) was a British novelist best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》, considered as the first science fiction.John Keats ( 济慈, 1795—1821) was an English poet who became one of the principal poets of the English Romantic movement. His masterpieces include ―Ode on a Grecian Urn‖《希腊古瓮颂》（1819）and ―Ode to a Nightingale‖《夜莺颂》（1819）.浪漫主义时期小说家Jane Austen (简·奥斯丁，1775—1817) , was an English novelist. Her major novels include Sense and Sensibility 《理智与情感》（1811）, Pride and Prejudice 《傲慢与偏见》（1813）, Emma 《爱玛》（1816）.Walter Scott (司各特, 1771---1832),a prolific Scottish historical novelist . His major work is Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》.Realism 现实主义时期（Victorian Age 维多利亚时期1837-1901）Bronte sisters 勃朗特姐妹: Charlotte (夏洛蒂, 1816 – 1855), Emily (艾米丽, 1818 – 1848) and Anne (安妮, 1820 –1849), were English writers of the 1840s and 1850s. Charlotte‗s Jane Eyre《简爱》（1847）, Emily‘s Wuthering Heights《呼啸山庄》（1847）and Anne's Agnes Grey 《艾格妮斯·格雷》（1847）are masterpieces of English literature.George Elliot (乔治-爱略特，1819—1880 ) was an English novelist. She was one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. Her novels, largely set in provincial England. Her major novels include: The Mill on the Floss《佛洛斯河上的磨坊》Middlemarch《米德尔玛契》.Charles Dickens (1812–1870)：one of the greatest English novelists of critical realism in the Victorian era. His major novels include: A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》（1854）, Oliver Twist 《奥利弗退斯特》（1838）, David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔德》（1849）, Great Expectation《远大前程》（1860）, Hard Times 《艰难时世》（1854）.William Makepeace Thackeray (萨克雷，1811—1863) was an English novelist of critical realism in the 19th century. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair《名利场》.Mrs. Gaskell (盖斯凯尔夫人, 1810-1865) was an English novelist during the Victorian era. Her major novels include: Mary Barton《玛丽• 巴顿》.Thomas Hardy (哈代, 1840 –1928) , an English novelist of the naturalism (自然主义). His major novels include those of ― Character and Environment‖ : Tess of the d‘Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》（1891），Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》（1874），Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》（1896）. Most of his novels are set in Wessex（威塞克斯）.现实主义时期诗歌Robert Browning (布朗宁, 1812–1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues戏剧独白, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets, and ― My Last Duchess‖《我已故的公爵夫人》is known as one of his bestmonologues.Alfred Tennyson (丁尼生，1809 – 1892) was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remains one of the most popular English poets in the 19th century. Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, including "Break, break, break" 《溅吧，溅吧，溅吧》（1842）.Oscar Wilde (王尔德, 1854 – 1900)A playwright and novelist, who is known for his ideas of aestheticism唯美主义(art for art‘s sake:为了艺术而艺术). His major plays include The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》（1895）; His major novel is The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林-格雷的画像》（1891）.20世纪和现代主义George Bernard Shaw (萧伯纳, 1856-1950), an Irish playwright, the greatest dramatist in English literature in the 20th century. He adhered to the tradition of realism, writing plays as a way to discuss social problems. He won Nobel Prize for literature in 1925. His major plays include Mrs Warren’s Profession《华伦夫人的职业》（1898）, Major Barbara《芭芭拉少校》（1905）, Pygmalion《皮革马力翁》（1913）and Saint Joan《圣女贞德》（1924）. Joseph Conrad (约瑟夫·康拉德, 1857-1932). Conrad was a Polish-born English novelist. His major novels include Lord Jim《吉姆老爷》（1900）and The Heart of Darkness《黑暗的心》（1899）.James Joyce (詹姆斯·乔伊斯, 1882-1941): An Irish-born novelist, known for the technique of the stream of consciousness. His main works: Ulysses《尤利西斯》（1922），A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man《青年艺术家的肖像》（1916），Finnegan’s Wake《芬尼根守灵》（1939）Dubliners《都柏林人》（1914）.E. M. Forster （福斯特, 1879-1970）was an English novelist. His main work is A Passage to India《印度之行》（1924）.T.S. Eliot (T.S.艾略特, 1888-1965)：an American poet, one of the most important Modernist writers in the 20th century, best known for his poem The Waste Land《荒原》（1922）. In 1948, he won the Nobel Prize for literature.David Herbert Lawrence (D.H.劳伦斯, 1885-1930),an English novelist. His most important novels are Rainbow 《彩虹》and Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》. His novels on the one hand, explore the psychological development of the characters, and on the other, criticize the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.William Butler Yeats (叶芝, 1865-1939) was an Irish poet and awarded Nobel Prize for literature in 1923. His major poems include “Sailing to Byzantium”《驶向拜占庭》and ―Leda and Swan‖《利达和天鹅》.Samuel Beckett (贝克特，1906-1989), an Irish dramatist and Nobel Prize winner for Literature. His masterpiece is Waiting for Godot《等待戈多》. He is the exponent of the theatre of the absurd (荒诞派戏剧).Iris Jean Murdoch (默多克, 1919-1999), an English female novelist, her major novels include Black Prince《黑王子》, The Sea, the Sea《大海啊，大海》and Unicorn 《独角兽》.Doris Lessing (莱辛, 1919--) is a British writer, author of works such as the novels The Grass is Singing《野草在唱》. In 2007, Lessing won the Nobel Prize in Literature.Muriel Spark （斯帕克, 1918-2006）an English female novelist, best known for her novel The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie《布罗迪小姐的青春》(1961).Virginia Woolf (伍尔夫, 1882-1941) Woolf is an exponent of modernism and one of the mostimportant female novelists. Her major works include Mrs. Dalloway《达洛威夫人》, To the Lighthouse《向灯塔去》.美国文学殖民地革命时期Benjamin Franklin (富兰克林, 1706-1790) one of the American founding fathers (美国之父). Major works:Autobiography《自传》Poor Richard’s Almanack《理查德的年鉴》. Jonathan Edwards (爱德华兹，1703 –1758) was a colonial theologian and writer. His works are often associated with the Puritan heritage. His famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"《落在忿怒之神手中的罪人》is credited for starting the First Great Awakening.Thomas Pain (托马斯·潘恩, 1737-1809), an American pamphleteer. Major works: Common Sense《常识》（1776）.浪漫主义时期Romantic Period（1790-1865）：Earlier Romantic Period (1790-1830)Romantic Heyday (1830-1865)I. Earlier Romantic Period. Major writers:Washington Irving (1783-1859)Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)Washington Irving (华盛顿• 欧文, 1783-1859):An American romantic novelist. He was best known for his short stories ―The Legend of Sleepy Hollow‖ and ―Rip Van Winkle‖, both of which appear in his book The Sketch Book《见闻札记》. Irving is the first American writer who gained the international fame.James Fenimore Cooper (库珀, 1789-1851): An American romantic novelist , best remembered for his Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事》，The Pioneer《拓荒者》, Deer Slayer《猎鹿者》, Pathfinder《探路人》, Prairie《大草原》, The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo.II. Romantic Heyday (1830-1865). Major Writers:Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanEmily DickinsonNathaniel HawthorneHerman MelvilleHarriet Beecher StoweEdgar Allan PoeTranscendentalists（超验主义作家）: Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanWalt Whitman (惠特曼，1819-1882): An American romantic poet, father of free verse (自由诗) , best known for his collection of poems Leaves of Grass《草叶集》.Waldo Ralph Emerson (爱默生，1803-1882):leader of the transcendentalism, and his essay “Nature‖《论自然》is the manifesto of transcendentalism. His another essay “The American Scholar”《美国学者》is considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence‖. Henry David Thoreau (梭罗, 1817–1862) : An American romantic writer, best known for hisbook Walden《瓦尔登湖》, a reflection upon simple living.Herman Melville ( 麦尔维尔, 1819–1891) : An American novelist, best known for his novel Moby-Dick《白鲸》.Nathaniel Hawthorne ( 霍桑, 1804–1864): An American novelist, best known for his four romances (传奇小说): The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》Emily Dickinson(艾米丽·狄金森，1830–1886) , an American poetess, whose poems are concerned with life, death and immortality, of which the most famous are ―This is My Letter to the World‖, ―I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died‖, ―Because I Could Not Stop for Death‖.Harriet Beecher Stowe (斯托夫人, 1811–1896), an American female novelist, whose novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》attacked the cruelty of slavery.Realism 现实主义Mark Twain (马克•吐温1835 –1910), an American novelist, most noted for his novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆索亚历险记》, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝恩历险记》, Life on the Mississippi River《密西西比河上的生活》, The Gilded Age《镀金时代》. Henry James (亨利•詹姆斯1843-1916), an American realist novelist, the first American writer to achieve his career of international terms.Important works: The American 《美国人》The Europeans 《欧洲人》The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇画像》The Wings of the Dove《鸽冀》The Ambassadors 《大使》The Golden Bowl《金碗》O. Henry （欧·亨利）was the pen name of the American novelist William Sydney Porter (1862 –1910). O. Henry‗s short stori es are well known, such as ―Cop and Anthem‖《警察和赞美诗》and ―Gift of Magie‖《麦琪的礼物》.William Dean Howells (豪威尔斯, 1837 –1920) was an American realist novelist and literary critic. Major works include The Rise of Silas Lapham 《赛拉斯• 拉帕姆的发迹》.American Naturalists （自然主义作家）Theodore Dreiser (德莱塞)Stephen Crane (克莱恩)Frank Norris (诺里斯)Jack London (杰克·伦敦)Theodore Dreiser (德莱塞, 1871–1945) , an American novelist and journalist. He pioneered the naturalist school and is known for his novels Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》, An American Tragedy 《美国悲剧》and his desire trilogy《欲望三部曲》: The Financier 《金融家》The Titan 《巨头》The Stoic 《斯多葛》Stephen Crane (克莱恩, 1871–1900) was an American novelist. He won the international acclaim for his Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage《红色的英勇勋章》in 1895.Frank Norris (诺瑞斯, 1870–1902) was American novelist. His notable works include McTeague《麦克提格》, The Octopus《章鱼》.Jack London (杰克• 伦敦, 1876–1916), an American novelist, known for his novel Martin Eden 《马丁• 伊登》, The Call of the Wild《野性的呼唤》.20世纪和现代主义诗歌T.S. Eliot (T.S.艾略特, 1888-1965)：an American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land 《荒原》, in 1948 he won the Nobel Prize for literature.Ezra Pound（埃兹拉·庞德）: an American imagist poet (意象派诗人), major poems include Cantos《诗章》, Hugh Selwyn Maubery《莫伯里》, Cathay 《华夏》a collection of translation of ancient Chinese poems.Robert Frost (罗伯特·弗罗斯特, 1874–1963), an American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life in New England and his command of American colloquial speech. His work was first recognized in England and then in America. Major poems include ―After Apple-Picking‖《摘苹果之后》, ―The Road Not Taken‖《未选之路》.Wallace Stevens（斯蒂文斯, 1879-1955）, an American poet, best known for his poem Anecdote for the Jar and his emphasis on Imagination.Ernest Hemingway (海明威, 1899—1961)an American novelist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I, later known as "the Lost Generation". He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Major works:The Sun also Rises《太阳照样升起》A Farewell to Arms 《永别了-武器》The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》F. Scott Fitzgerald (斯科特·菲茨杰拉德, 1896–1940), an American writer of novels, whose works are evocative of the Jazz Age (爵士时代). Fitzgerald is considered as a member of the ―Lost Generation‖. Most important work is The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》which represents the destruction of American dream.Lost Generation迷惘的一代:The 'Lost Generation' is a phrase made popular by American author Ernest Hemingway in his first published novel The Sun Also Rises. Figures identified with the "Lost Generation" include authors and poets Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson.William Faulkner (威廉·福克纳，1897-1962): an American novelist, winner of Nobel Prize for literature in 1950. Most of his works were set in an imaginary location named Yoknapatawpha. Major works include:The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》, Go Down, Moses《去吧，莫西》, Light in August 《八月之光》, Absalom, Absalom!《押沙龙，押沙龙！》, Sanctuary《圣地》.John Steinbeck (约翰·斯坦贝克, 1902–1968), an American novelist, Nobel Prize winner. He is known for his novel The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》.James Baldwin （鲍德温, 1924-1987）, a black American novelist, best known for his novel Go Tell It on the Mountain 《向苍天呼吁》.Alex Harley (1936-1969), a black American novelist, best known for his Roots《根》.Toni Morrison (莫里森, 1931-)Toni Morrison is a Nobel Prize-winning female American novelist. among the best known are her novels The Bluest Eye《最蓝的眼睛》and Beloved《宠儿》.20世纪戏剧家Eugene O‘Neil（尤金-奥尼尔, 1888-1953）was an American playwright, a Nobel Prize winner, best known for his Long Day’s Journey Into Night《长夜漫漫路迢迢》, Beyond the Horizon《天边外》，The Hairy Ape《毛猿》.Arthur Miller （亚瑟·米勒,1915-2005）, an American playwright, best known for his The Death of Salesman《推销员之死》.Edward Albee (阿尔比1928---) is an American playwright best known for Who‘s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?《谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫》. His early works reflect an Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd (荒诞派) that found its peak in works by Irish playwrights such as Samuel Beckett.。