翻译方法总结标准化文件发布号：（9312-EUATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII一．直译法（Literal translation）直译法不是一字对一字的翻译，而是按照字面翻译，不做太多的引申和注释。
直译法一般可以保留原文的文化特色。
（1）General Motors and Chrysler were working feverishly to bring out their subcompacts. But the head of the Ford Motor Company had stuck hishead in the sand.通用汽车公司和莱克斯勒公司正全力以赴推出他们的超小汽车，而福特公司的老板却把头埋在沙里。
（2）—A traitor to our glorious cause—The pot’s calling the kettle black好啊，你出卖了我们的光荣事业得了，你这话岂不是盆叫嚷罐黑二．意译法（Free translation）牺牲原文的某些文化特色，结合上下文进行意译，以保持原文内容的完整性（1）She was driving into such a corner that she was obliged to give up all projects with Cupid had any share她被逼的走投无路了，不得不放弃一切和恋爱婚姻有关的打算（2）but it is as dark as Egypt outdoors .We might go tomorrow if there is a moon只是外面漆黑黑的。
明个要是有月亮，明个去也成三．借用法（Borrowing method）用异语文化代替源语文化。
这种方法针对文化共性，在源出语和目的语存在内容和形式相似时，或者形式不尽相同但表达意义非常接近时使用（1）Why, I have got gooseflesh this minute, just thinking about it.这会儿，我一想到这点二就浑身起鸡皮疙瘩（2）The American ambassador may have a card up his sleeve美国大使也许胸有成竹四．分译法（Spitting method）—根据行文要求，讲一句译为几句。
The year 1983 began – and ended –with an unusual oil crisis: fears that the price of crude oil would not go up but down.1983 年新年伊始，就存在着一种异乎寻常的石油危机：人们担心原油价格下降，而不是上扬。
这一年结束的时候，情况依然如故。
—将一词分译成不同的表达方式I respect them; they are good citizens, good husbands and good fathers.我尊重他们：他们是守法的公民，尽职的丈夫，慈祥的父亲。
五．合译法（Combined translation）主要是根据文章紧凑，简练的原则，将两句或数句合并成一句This novel is of no great literary merit. It is merely a pot-boiler这部小说存属胡编乱造，没有多大文学价值They talked, they laughed, and they sat up the whole night他们又说又笑，通宵达旦。
六顺译法（Natural-flow translation）顺译法就是在正确理解原句的基础上，把句子按意群拆分成一个个部分，然后把各个部分按顺序译出（1）Our country along with other developing countries is (2) experiencing acute shortage of (3) skilled workers, engineers, technicians, and administrative and managerial personal, (4) so we should like to ask you (5) to provide for the training of as many operating personal as possible.(1)我国像其他发展中国家一样，（2）严重缺乏（3）技术熟练的工人，工程技术和行政人员，（4）因此，我们请贵方（5）提供方便，培训尽可能多的经营人员。
七倒译法（Inverted translation）就是按照意群把句子拆散后，逆着原文的句法排列，从后往前逐片翻译，组合成句（1）It was a keen disappointment（2） when I had to postpone the visit （3）which I had intended to pay to China in January(3)我原打算一月份访问中国，(2)后来不得不推迟，(1)这使我深感失望。
八拆译法（Separated translation）就是把原句中的某个词或片语抽出来单独翻译。
This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into the classification: mechanics, heat,electricity and sound.为便于学习起见，通常将这门学科分为：力学，热学，光学，电学和声学。
九转换法（Conversion）—词类转化常把名词，介词转换成动词1.名词转换为汉语的动词Joseph beheld my style of cookery with growing indignation我这种烧饭的方式叫约瑟夫越看越冒火了2.介词和副词转换成汉语动词It would not be easy to talk in general terms about Western Europe as a unite, with its differences of climate and culture, its mountains, plains and coasts.西欧诸国的气候不同，文化各异，山峦，平原，海岸各具特色，要想把西欧作为整体加以总述，可不是件容易的事情—语态转换（Passive voice —— Positive voice）1. 被动句转换成汉语主动句It was soon recognized that this approach offer the best framework for a solution人们不久就认识到，这种办法提供了解决问题的最佳框架2.被动句译成汉语把字句The stall building has been practically leveled to the ground by the big fire大火几乎把这座高大建筑物夷为平地3.在为数不多的英语主动句中，却往往译成汉语的被动句They all succumbed to temptation他们都被诱惑征服了The je weler’s was robbed last night, and the Reagans are under suspicion昨夜，珠宝行遭抢劫，里根夫妇成了被怀疑的对象—正反转换1.正说反译（1）In the absence of a vaccine, how can HIV be stopped如果没有疫苗，能够阻止艾滋病毒的传播吗（2）Politeness is not always the sign of wisdom, but the want of it always leaves room for the suspicion of folly.虽然有礼貌并不一定标志着有智慧，但是无礼貌却会使人怀疑其愚蠢2.反说正译（1）I won’t keep you waiting long我一会儿就回来(2)The mother gently disengaged her hand form that of her sleeping baby母亲小心翼地从熟睡的孩子的手里抽出自己的手来十．变通法（Adaptation method）—增减词语增词是指在译文中增加某些原文中虽无其字但有其意的词以便忠实通顺的表达原文的意思（一）语义性增词They wanted a generation of Americans conditioned to loyalty and duty他们都希望把下一代美国人训练的忠于祖国，恪尽职责（二）结构性增词汉译时往往需要按照句法上的需要补译英文中省略的各个成分，才能使译文句子意思完整，表达通顺(1)This is as true of nations as it is of individuals个人是这样，国家也是这样（2）A fool and his words are soon parted; a man of genius and his money愚人很快忘记说过的话，智者会很快放弃手里的钱（三）修辞性增词往往出现在译者推敲，校正和润饰译文的过程中，而且所增加的词都不是改变原文词句意思的语气词，强调性副词或其他修辞上所需要词汇。
（1）Do not take it seriously. It is a joke.不要认真嘛，这不过是一个玩笑而已。
（2）Truth is never pure, and rarely simple真理从来就不是纯洁无暇的，也很少时简单明了的（3）He deserve not the sweet that will not taste the sour不吃苦中苦，难得甜上甜—省略(一)句法性省略1 省略代词（1）省略人称代词Give him an inch and he will take an ell得寸进尺（2）省略物主代词In my childhood, I learned a great deal about Russia童年时，我就听到了许多关于俄国的故事（3）省略非人称代词It was a bitterly cold night and at ten o’ clock it began to blow a gale那是一个寒冷刺骨的夜晚，10点钟时，刮起了大风2.省略连词（1）并列连词 and 和 or 有时可以不直接译出All I am, or can be, I owe to my angel mother我之所有，我之所能，都归功于我慈爱的母亲（2）省略从属连词Because everyone uses language to talk, everyone thinks he can talk about language人人都用语言交流，人人也就自认为能够谈论语言（3）省略冠词略（4）省略介词In the morning早晨（二）修辞性省略是从译文的修辞角度考虑，省略英文中某些不言而喻的词，或在译文中虽无其字但已有其义的词，以及省略了英文中为了语气而多加的副词。