二ＯＯ一年下半年北京市高等教育自学考试欧洲文化入门试卷I. Multiple Choice (40%)1. ＿＿believed that the highest good in life was pleasure, freedom from pain and emotional upheaval. A. Sophists B. Cynics C. Skeptics D. Epicureans2. ___ is said to have told the king of Syrac use: “give me a place to stand,and I will move the world”. A. Archimedes B. Aristotle C. Plato D. Euclid3. Increasingly troubled by the inroads of northern tribes such as Goths, the West Roman Empire finally collapsed in___.A. 395B. 27C. 1453D. 4764. The city of god was written by___, the most important of all the leaders of Christian thought.A. JesusB. AugustineC. Thomas AquinasD. Martin Luther5. ____ was a painter, a sculptor, an architect, a musician, an engineer, and a scientist - a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word.A. MichelangeloB. RaphaelC. ShakespeareD. da Vinci6. In ____, Cervantes satirized a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry.A. Don QuixoteB. HamletC. LeviathanD. The Life and Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe7. The best - known book written by Thomas More is ____, which describes an ideal non - Christian state where everybody lives a simple life and shares the goods in common, possesses a good knowledge of Latin, fights no war and enjoys full freedom in religious belief.A. The Praise of the FollyB. As You Like ItC. Divine ComedyD. Utopia8. ______, author of Prince, is regarded as “father of political science” in the West .A. MachiavelliB. DanteC. BaconD. Locke9. In The Revolution of Heavenly Orbs, ____ put forward his theory that the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe.A. KeplerB. GalileoC. NewtonD. Copernicus10. During the ____century, the modern scientific method began to take shape, which emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization.A. 18thB. 15thC. 16thD. 17th11. _____said, “knowledge is power.”A. Isaac NewtonB. Francis BaconC. John LockeD. Marx12. In past, ____drew on an immense variety of cultural material-theological, mythological, philosophical, political, economic, scientific, aesthetic, musical, and literary.A. GoetheB. DefoeC. RousseauD. Byron13. Which of the following is not regarded as a romantic writer?A. WordsworthB. ShelleyC. PushkinD. Balzac14. The most frequent themes of Romanticism include all of the following except ______.A. the power of reasonB. individual freedomC. spontaneityD. love of nature15. “If winter comes, can spring be far be hind?” is the ending l ine of “Ode to the West W ind” by______.A. WordsworthB. KeatsC. PushkinD. Shelley16. The composer of Swan Lake was_____, a genius in symphonic music.A. TchaikovskyB. ChopinC. BeethovenD. Mozart17. The naturalist school founded by Zola in late 19th century intended ____.A. to attack the industrial injustice and urban evilsB. to give full play to the imagination of individualsC. to uphold the classical values such as harmony, balance, proportion and retraintD. to demonstrate the law of human conduct by a scientific s tudy of “a slice of life”18. Which of the following novels was not written by Tolstoy ?A. ResurrectionB. War and PeaceC. Crime and punishmentD. Anna Karenina19. In his poems, Walt Whitman sang praises of all of the following values except_____.A. democracyB. the dignity of the individualC. the idyllic way of lifeD. the brotherhood of man20. Modernism was characterized by _____A. a conscious rejection of established rules, traditions and conventionsB. the exploration of the inner life of the individual and the psychopathology of human relationsC. its intense interest in the bizarre, the mysterious, the unpredictable and the formlessD. all of the aboveII. True – False (20%)1. Once every five years, ancient Greeks had a big sports festival on Mount Olympus, which marked the beginning of Olympic Games.2. The greatest names in Western philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, who were active in Athens in the 6th century A. D.3. The body of ideas the Greek philosophers expressed, and the variety of variety of questions they raised abut the nature of the world and of human thought, knowledge and conduct, have had an abiding interest for later generations.4. Christianity remained an object of oppression throughout the history of Roman Empire.5. During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order; the only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.6. Calvinism stressed the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic church, holding that only those especially selected by God will be saved.7. According to Locke, once a representative is chosen by majority vote, his power is absolute.8. The Declaration of the Rights of Man which was enacted by the English Parliament in 1689 established the supremacy of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy in England.9. Descartes believed that thought was the foundation of all knowledge while the senses might deceive us.10. In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant argued that knowledge is the joint product of both sense and reason.Ⅲ. Explain the Following Terms. (25%)1. Pax Romana2. The Crusades3. Gothic4. Reformation5. Social DarwinismⅣ. Answer the Following Question. (15%)Why is Renaissance considered the departure from the Middle Ages and the beginning of modernity?2001年（下）欧洲文化入门试卷参考答案I. 1.D 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.D 10.D11.B 12.A 13.D 14.A 15.D 16.A 17.D 18.C 19.C 20.DII. 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6..F 7.F 8.F 9.T 10. TIII．1．Pax Romana：Before the year 27B.C. Roman was a republic, then it became an empire, 2 centuries later, it reached its greatest extent, during which, the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200years, known as the Pax Romana. (that means God of peace).2. The Crusades: To express their religious feeling, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys to holy places----Jerusalem. But it fell to the Turkish Moslems who attacked the Christian pilgrims, killing many of them and sold many others as slaves. The result was a series of holy wars called crusades which went about 200years(1096-1270),and it ended with the victory of then Moslems. 【P.99】【P.96-97】3.Gothic: one of architecture styles, started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe from mid-12th –15th-, 16th century.Gothic cathedrals soared high, their windows, arches and towers reaching heavenward, flinging their passion against the sky. They were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sculptures more lifelike than any since ancient Rome. (The Gothic was an outgrowth out of the Romanesque.)4. Reformation: 【P.143-144】【P.138-139】1)The reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. Itbegan with Martin Luthur’s articles.2)The movement aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church andreplacing it with the authority of the Bible. The reformers denied the church and the priests’authority in the interpretationOf the Bible and they believed in direct communication between the individual and God.3)They took many actions:A: translating the Bible into their mother tongues;/making the Bible accessible to the common folks;B: simplifying rituals;/ reforming the church;C: abolishing heavy taxes and the indulgence(免罪符);D: abolishing the practice of paying money to replace penance.E: Liberating national economy and politics from church;F: Carrying wars in the interests of the peasants and bourgeoisie.5. Social Darwinism: Herbert Spenser stated things develop from simple to complex forms. He compared the development of societies to that of organisms, and he called the historical civilization as "super-organic evolution".Darwinism made a great impression on Spenser. In Spenser's idea, natural selection means "survival of the fittest", which became a slogan for those who sought to apply to society the principle. The result was called social Darwinism.This theory advocated/held free play for all forces of struggle for existence. In the struggle between individuals, the theory justified/found good reasons for serious competition and laissez-faire policy; in the struggle between groups, it was used to justify force. 【P.374】【P.361-362】Ⅳ.The 1000 years of period following the fall of Western Roman Empire in the 5th century is called the middle age, which is about 5th -11th century.During the Medieval times, there was no central government to keep the order, the only organization to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. And it shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”, during which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged. And science made little progress during the Middle Ages.Renaissance【P.129】【P.125】: the period between 14th–mid-17th century. Renaissance started from Florence and Venice in Italy, with the flowering of paining, sculpture, and architecture.It means revival, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. In essence, it was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars attempted to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interest of the rising bourgeoisie/middle class, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.It created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world, paving way for capitalism.【P.183】【P.178】A: 1) The main element of Renaissance was “the greatness of man”.2) Man shifted interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philosophy.3)The earliest humanists were scholar in Florence, who dug up “lost texts” ---- the ancient Greek and Roman culture to revive it and develop man’s powers.B: Such ideas are reflected in the art and literature, to pass down as the beginning of the history of modern man, who don’t consider about the death and the other world but the lives and wo rks for the present and future progress of mankind. So it paved the way for the beginning of modernity。