It’s about a blind woman leading a man with good eyesight to his home in a dense fog. No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves. -----Emerson cheat: deprive somebody of something by deceit



1 英语的形合法 2 汉语的意合法
英语的形合法


英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词语分句或从句，注重 显性接应（overt cohesion），注重句子形式，注重结 构完整，注重以形显义。英语句中的连接手段和形式（ cohesive ties）不仅数量大，种类多，而且用得十分频 繁： 1.关系词和连接词。关系词包括关系代词、关系 副词、连接代词和连接副词，如who，whom，whose ，that，which，what，when，where，why，how等 ，用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句或表 语从句。连接词包括并列连词和从属连词，如and，or ，but，yet，so，however，as well as，（n） either…（n）or…及when，while，as，since，until ，so…that，unless，lest等，用来连接词、词组、分 句或状语从句。英语造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接 词，汉语则少用甚至不用这类词。如：

I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama, whose governor ’s lips are presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers. 我梦想有一天，阿拉巴马州能够有所转变，尽管该州州长 现在仍然满口异议，反对联邦法令，但有朝一日，那里的 黑人男孩和女孩将能够与白人男孩和女孩情同骨肉，携手 并进。
A Practical Course on English&Chinese Translation
2014-2015学年第二学期
pairs of features between English & Chinese


different language families Indo-European Sino-Tibetan


It was a place where people had just settled down, and beyond the settlement it was just wild , uncultivated land except for the Indian people who had lived there in their communities for thousands of years. 那只是人们住的一块地方，在居住地外是 荒野，除了在那里居住了几千年印第安部 落外，有的只是没开垦的土地。



What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff--I mean if they are running and they don’t look where they are going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. 我就站在那陡峭的悬崖边上，我的职责就是抓住 那些往悬崖奔来的孩子--我是说孩子们都在狂奔 ，可能没有注意到自己是在往哪跑，我得冲出来 把他们拦住。 《The Catcher in the Rye》

2.介词。介词包括简单介词如（with，to，in，of， about，between，through）、合成介词（如inside， onto，upon，within，without，throughout）和成语 介词（如according to，along with，apart from， because of，in front of，on behalf of，with regard to）。介词是英语里最活跃的词类之一，是连接词、语或 从句的重要手段R.Bander 指出：“A preposition may be defined as a connecting word showing the relation of a noun or substitute for a noun to some other word in the sentence….Prepositions appear constantly in English speech and….Over ninety percent of preposition usage involves these nine prepositions:with，to，from，at，in，of，by，for and on.”英语造句几乎离不开介词，汉语则常常不用或 省略介词，如：



Latin: a synthetic language English : a synthetic-analytic language Chinese: a typical analytic language
形合与意合 (Hypotactic vs. Paratactic)

形合指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段 (如关联 词)连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。 The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clause with connectives. For example, I shall go if you don’t come. 意合指的是词语或分词之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中 的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。 The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them.
综合语与分析语 (Synthetic vs. Analytic)

综合语的特征是运用形态变化来表达语法关系。 A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relations”. 分析语的特征是不用形态变化而用词序及虚词来表达语法关系。 An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms”.






It’s about a blind woman leading a man with good eyesight to his home in a dense fog. 它讲的是在一次大雾中一个盲女领着一个视力很好的男人 回家的事。 No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves. -----Emerson 除非你自己承认失败，谁都无法阻止你最终获得成功。

3.其他连接手段，如形态变化形式，包括词 缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的 形态变化（如性、数、格、时、体、语态、语 气、比较级、人称等）及其保持前后一致的关 系（grammatical and notional concordance），广泛使用代词以保持前呼 后应的关系，以及使用“it”和“there”作替补 词（expletives）起连接作用等等。英语常常 综合运用上述的关系词、连接词、介词以及其 他连接手段，把各种成分连接起来，构筑成长 短句子，表达一定的语法关系和逻辑联系。

I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama, whose governor ’s lips are presently dripping with the words of interposition and nullification, will be transformed into a situation where little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls and walk together as sisters and brothers.

1 语序。汉语的许多主从复句，虽然 不用关联词，形式类似并列复句，但分 句含义“有主有次。从句若前置，一般 有“因为”、“如果”、“即使”等含 义。据统计，汉语中三分之二的因果句 不到必要时，不用关联词。先“因”后 “果”，几乎不用“因为”，属常态； 先“果”后“因”，大多用“因为”， 属变态。