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4.1 How to measure dimensions of product quality?
Performance The most obvious aspect of quality; An item may actually have several performance dimensions; 电脑，运行速度、内存、硬盘容量、外观等 电脑 Internal memory, hard disk capacity, and numerous other performance features.
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To be continued ⑷订单数量、不同批量的订单处理等物流成本的 综合考虑； ⑸关注增值服务，比如交货方式和条件，特殊包 装和组装加工，等等。需要将采购价格和增值服 务价格分开来考虑，选择最小总成本； ⑹关注产品的生命周期成本。产生于接收产品之 前，过程中，很久之后等。包括各种与采购有关 的管理费等
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4.1 How to measure dimensions of product quality?
Reliability 可靠性，the likelihood that a product will perform throughout its expected life.在产品的预期寿命内， 该产品正常工作的可能性。购买后的维修次数； Durability 耐用性，是产品的实际使用寿命。It refers to the actual life expectancy of a product. Durability and reliability are distinct but interrelated aspects of quality.
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Procurement perspectives
The emphasis has shifted from adversarial, transactiontransaction-focused negotiation with suppliers to ensuring that the firm is positioned to implement its manufacturing and marketing strategies with support from its supply base base.从供应商处取得足够的支持。
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Figure 2-2 Logistical Integration
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Three performance cycles were identified that must be linked through effective logistics. Procurement cycle links an organization with its suppliers The manufacturing support cycle involves the logistics of supporting production The customer accommodation cycle links a firm with its markets.
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Total quality management
A philosophy by a managerial system （1）top management commitment and support;高 层领导的承诺和支持； （2）maintaining a customer focus in product, service, and process performance;用户对产品、服 务和运作过程的关注； （3）integrated operations within and between organizations;企业内部、企业之间的一体化运作； （4）commitment to continuous improvement.对于 不断改进的承诺
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4.1 How to measure dimensions of product quality?
Conformance 一致性，conformance refers to whether a firm’s 一致性 products actually meet the precise description or specifications as designed.实际产品是否真正满足 设计的标准和要求。废品率、返工率或缺陷率； Features 功能 Aesthetics 美观 Serviceability 可维护性 Perceived quality 品质认知度
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质量标准 ISO
4.2 Procurement
Importance attributed to several factors: 第一，the substantial dollar spend for purchases of a typical organization and the potential dollar savings from a viable procurement strategy. 可行的采购策略可以节约大量资金； 第二，企业日益重视外包策略。Why?
Chapter4 Procurement and Manufacturing
Outline
Dimensions of Product Quality Procurement Manufacturing Lean and Six Sigma Logistical Interfaces Summary
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answer
The amount spent on procurement has increased significantly; Firms spin off functions to suppliers to focus internal resources on core competencies; So ,more managerial attention must then be focused on how the organization interfaces and effectively manages its supply base.
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双语PPT
and
Volume consolidation现代观点，批量合并，增加谈

判筹码。但风险会增加，故应对供应商要进行严格 筛选，选择和认证
It increases the buyer’s negotiating strength in relationship to the supplier. Provides a number of advantage for those suppliers. It allows the supplier to improve economies of scale by spreading fixed cost over a larger volume of output. Risk increases. Supply base reduction programs are almost always accompanied by rigorous 2011-3-16 20 双语PPT supplier screening, selection, and certification programs.
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4.2.2 Procurement Strategies
Volume consolidation 批量合并 Multiple sources传统观点，多供应商 多供应商最佳采购策略 Low prices: Potential suppliers were continually bidding for a buyer’s business. Reduce the buyer’s dependence: Maintaining multiple sources reduces the buyer’s dependence on any one supplier.
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Procurement perspectives
Quality improvement 提高质量 Supplier development 供应商的开发 It is important to develop close relationships with those suppliers in order to share information and resources to achieve better results. Lowest total cost of ownership 所有权总成本的 最小化
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Lowest total cost of ownership
Purchase price + service price + life cycle costs Bidding: purchase price & discounts 批量折扣 与 库存持有成本 与 运输成本 For the benefits of quantity discounts to be factored into the total cost, the buyer must quantify inventory holding costs. Supplier terms of sale and cash discount structures also impact the total cost of ownership. Transportation costs 表4.1 所有权总成本的构成部分 2011-3-16 16 双语PPT