2012-2-11、cling on to:紧紧抱住，死抱不放；cling to:坚持，依恋，依靠2、convince 的用法convince sb. to do something/convince sb. of something (参见赖世雄语法5-授予动词)/convince sb. that/convince oneself ofbe convinced (of)/be convinced that3、tip (C): 小费 a tip/a large tip/a big tip/a generous tip/ a $5 tip忠告 =a piece of advice, a few of tips/handy tips/gardening tips4、compare, contrast/compare and contrast(比较与对照写法)compare 指把人与人或物与物之间的相同点或异同点进行“比较”、“对照”或“相比”，常与介词with 连用，也可指将人与人或物与物之间的相似处进行“比拟”；还可指将某人或某事“比作”另一人或另一事物。

指后面两种情况时，它常被用作不及物动词，与介词to 连用.contrast 指为了明确其相异之处，将一物与另一物加以“比较”或“对照”，用法和compare 一样，常接介词with 。

虽然很多人将compare 看作是contrast 的同义词，但compare 常用来比较同类事物；而contrast 则常被用来比较非同类事物。

2012-2-21、英语倍数表示法（1）X times+as …as …：是... …的X 倍/more than + X times +as …as …：是... …的X 倍不止；（2）（more than+）X times +the （或所有格）+名词+（of ）：是... …的X 倍(不止)；（3）X times +比较级+than ：是... …的X 倍。

2、英语倍数增减表示法（1）increase (speed up, step up, raise, rise, go up, grow) / increase (speed up, step up,raise, rise, go up, grow) +by+X times ：是... …的X 倍/增加了X-1倍；（2）increase (exceed, speed up, step up, raise, rise, go up, grow)+by a factor of +X:是... …的X 倍/增加了X-1倍；（3）decrease (drop, fall, weaken, shorten, reduce, step down, speed down, go down)+(by): 是... …的X 1/减少了XX 1-； （4）decrease (drop, fall, weaken, shorten, reduce, step down, speed down, go down) by a factor of +X: 是... …的X 1/减少了X X 1-。

2012-2-3 赖世雄经典英语语法1、(p3)不定式与动名词作主语时，往往会因为形式主语太长，用it 作形式主语。

但动名词移至句尾时，通常改为不定式短语。

例：To study abroad is my greatest desire.=It is my greatest desire to study abroad.Listening music makes me happy .=It makes me happy to listen to music.例外：It is no use +动名词短语=It is useless +不定式短语=It is of no use+动名词短语=There is no use/sence/point+in+动名词短语2、(p9)名词性从句作介词的宾语a. 慧（whether），怡（疑问词）可以，但代（that）不可以。

I am worried about whether he can do it.√I am curious about how he will cope with this problem.√I am sure of that the team has won the game.×b. 遇有介词，但非要使用that从句时，其补救方法如下(1) 介词+the fact+that从句I am sure of the fact that the team has won the game.I am worried about the fact that he does not study.(2) be+adj+that从句I am sure that the team has won the game.I am worried that he does not study.3、(p199)所有格与动名词的关系a. that从句作主语时，可改为动名词That he teaches well is something that pleases me.His teaching well is something that pleaes me.b. 在介词及某些动词后不可以用that从句，此时可改为：所有格+动名词(1) 遇介词的情况I am worried about that he does not study.×I am worried about his not studing.√In spite of that the sun shone, the air was very cold.×In spite of the sun’s shining, the air was very cold.√I insist on that he should go there.×I insist on his going there.√备注：that 从句主语是物而非人时，一般不用所有格，直接将主语作宾语即可。

In spite of the sun’s shining, the air was very cold.In spite of the sun shining, the air was very cold.√口语中，that从句的主语即使是人，宜采用本结构。

I insist on his going there. (正式)I insist on him going there. (非正式)(2) 遇某些及物动词的情况that引导的名词性从句可作表认知的及物动词( think, feel, find, believe…) 以及表意愿的及物动词(hope, wish, expect, desire…)的宾语。

I believe that he works hard.I hope that he may joint us.但表喜欢、厌恶之类的及物动词，如like, dislike, enjoy, mind等就不可接that引导的从句作宾语，应改为所有格+动名词。

I don’t like that he smokes here.×I don’t like his smoking here.√I don’t enjoy that John joins us.×I don’t enjoy John’s joining us.√备注：mind 可接if引导的从句Would you mind that I open the window?×Would you mind my opening the window?√Would you mind that if I opened the window?√(虚拟语气表客气)4. (p42)不完全及物动词a. 认定动词(1) We regard/look upon/think of/see/view him as a genius.(2) We mistook the long-haired boy for a girl.(3) We consider/deem/think him to be a genius.备注1：to be可省略。

备注2：(1), (2) 里面的as与for后面亦可接形容词作宾语I regard his behavior as inappropriate.John works hard, so I take it for granted that he’ll be successful someday.(4) think, believe, find, deem, consider等五个动词作不完全及物动词时，不得直接用不定式与that引导的名词性从句作宾语，一定要用形式宾语it取代。

I think to climb mountains fun.×I think it fun to climb mountains.√I find that he sings so well wonderful.×I find it wonderful that he sings so well.√b. 使役动词之make, have, getmake/have+宾语+原形动词(过去分词表被动)(作补语)get+宾语+不定式(作补语)make可用于被动语态，have、get则不可以。

He was got to wash the car.×He was had to wash the car.×He was made to wash the car.√c. make的用法(对应于宾语补语的倒装，见刘毅语法宝典p666)如果宾语是不定式，动名词，或由that和whether所引导的名词性从句，又有宾语补语时，应用it代替这类长宾语。

He made to get up early a rule.×He made it a rule to get up early.√I had made whether I am to go or not clear.×I had made it clear whether I am to go or not.√备注：长宾语时亦要倒装He made his meaning clear. √He made his strong objection to the proposals clear. ×He made clear his strong objection to the proposals. √5. (p46) (刘毅P323)授予动词, 间接宾语与直接宾语颠倒时，就需要另加介词to, for或ofa. to 表示给予(give, lend, bring, show, tell, write, send, hand, teach, offer, sell, promise, pass等)He gave me a watch.= He gave a watch to me.b. for 表示代劳(buy, make, leave, do, choose, order, sing 等)One must do someone a good deed every day.= One must do a good deed or someone every day.c. of 表示从……之中的概念(ask, expect, require, demand等)He asks me a question.= He asks a question of me. (of = from)d. 有些需要介词at, against, on(throw, bear, play等)The naughty boy threw a stone at the bird.The thief bears a grudge against the policeman.备注(1)有些双宾语动词只适用于无介词情形，如answer, envy, forgive等。