高中英语阅读理解技巧点拨:猜测单词或短语的含义学生在阅读过程中，应具备根据上下文猜测词义的能力。
每年高考英语试题中，猜测单词或短语的含义也是常有的题型，因此大家在平时的阅读理解练习中应尽量积累一些猜词技巧。
常见的猜词技巧主要有两大类：语境法和构词法。
下面我们结合高考真题对这两种解题技巧具体说明。
1. 语境法语境法指通过上下文语境来猜测词义，这是比较常用且有效的猜词方法。
常用的语境法有：①通过定义、解释或同位关系猜测词义。
用于下定义或解释的单词或短语有or, mean, in other words, be defined as, be described as, be seen as, refer to, that is to say 等。
有些定义或解释是通过破折号、冒号、括号、同位语（从句）或定语（从句）来表示的。
例1：（2020年高考英语全国III卷B篇，保留原题号，下同）...Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2, 000 productions this year. ...26. What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Listing completely.B. Directing professionally.C. Promoting successfully.D. Watching carefully.【分析】本文是新闻报道。
好莱坞流行使用真的动物参与电影拍摄，而这些动物没有得到很好的对待，由此引发了动物权益保护主义者们的关注。
26. 本题应选D项。
划线部分前面的定语从句解释了非营利组织的工作：监督在电影拍摄过程中动物是被如何对待的，故可推知划线部分与“监督”相关，故选D项。
②通过例子猜测词义。
用于举例的单词或短语有like, including, such as, for example, for instance等。
例2：（2020年高考英语北京卷D篇）Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. ...42. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?A. Enormous in quantity.B. Changeable daily.C. Stable in quality.D. Present everywhere.【分析】本文是说明文。
文章介绍了人工智能的发展，包括现在人工智能的缺陷以及发展通用人工智能的前景。
42. 本题应选D项。
划线单词后面用For example引出三个例子具体解释了划线单词所在句，我们可以据此来判断ubiquitous的含义。
三个例子分别提到了financial markets（金融方面）、self-driving cars（交通方面）和language （语言方面）。
由此可知，第一句强调人工智能的影响范围广，在生活中“随处可见”，故选D项。
③通过对比关系猜测词义。
用于表示对比关系的单词或短语有but, however, although, while, yet, even though, contrary to, in contrast to, instead of, in spite of, on the other hand等。
例3：（2020年新高考英语全国I卷D篇）According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid....13. What does the underlin ed word “beanpoles” in paragraph1 refer to?A. Big eaters.B. Overweight persons.C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persons.【分析】本文是说明文。
文章介绍了一项关于就餐同伴会影响人们食物摄取量的研究。
13. 本题应选D项。
根据划线单词所在句中的contrary to可知，划线单词应与heavierpeople表示相反的含义，故选D项。
例4：（2017年高考英语江苏卷B篇）Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning ( 胎教), birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk: Ornithological Advances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch ( 孵化). New-born chicks can then imitate their mom's call within a few days of entering the world....58. The underlined phrase in Paragra ph 1 means “_____”.A. be the worstB. be the bestC. be just as badD. be just as good【分析】本文是说明文。
文章介绍了鸟儿在胎教方面比人类更出色。
58. 本题应选B 项。
划线短语所在句中的But表明此句与前面的句子形成对比。
通过对比婴儿出生前和鸟儿孵化出来前的能力可知，鸟妈妈在胎教方面表现得更好，故选B项。
④通过因果关系猜测词义。
用于表示因果关系的单词或短语有because, so, since, as, so that, result in, as a result等。
例5：（2021年1月高考英语浙江卷C篇）...Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were “a little disappointing”.“The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions,” she said. “Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains.”29. What does the underlined word “gulf” in the last paragraph mean?A. Difference.B. Conflict.C. Balance.D. Connection.【分析】本文是说明文。
文章介绍了一项关于黑猩猩交流所用手势的研究。
29. 本题应选A项。
最后一段承接上一段，介绍Dr Susanne Shultz对研究结果感到失望的原因。
划线单词所在句中的So表明划线句是前面各句导致的结果。
根据the study ... enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language和the meanings seem to ... with non-verbal communication可知，对黑猩猩交流手势的研究丰富了我们对人类语言进化的知识，但黑猩猩交流手势所传达的含义和其他动物通过非语言交流所传达的含义似乎没什么不同。
因此，人类语言和黑猩猩交流手势之间还是存在“差异”的，故选A项。
2. 构词法构词法一般包括派生（通过添加前缀或后缀构成另一个词）、合成（由两个或更多的词合成一个词）和转化（由一个词类转化为另一词类）。