基础语法知识必备(选)1.基本认识:同一个主语不可有两个谓语,除非有连词或引导词。
2.基本句式:Every minute counts.分秒必争。
(主语+谓语不及物动词)You should look out for pickpockets.你应当提防扒手。
(主语+谓语及物动词+宾语) 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语3.句子成分:表语:The proof of the pudding is in the eating.布丁好不好吃了才知道。
(介词短语作表语)This is where our basic interest lies.这是我们的根本利益所在。
(句子作表语)宾语:跟在及物动词或介词之后,构成动宾短语或介宾短语。
宾语一般由名词、代词、名词化的形容词、动名词、不定式、介词短语或句子充当。
I shall do my possible.我会尽力而为的(名词化的形容词)A rabbit ran out from under the table.桌底下跑出来一只兔子。
(介词短语)英语中某些动词(如“给予”“告知”“拒绝”等类似意义的动词)要求接双宾语,即直接宾语(事物)和间接宾语(人)。
当间接宾语置于直接宾语之后时,须在之间加介词to或for.补语:补语一般可分为主语补语和宾语补语,一般由名词、动名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式、分词充当。
只有某些动词后面才能接名词/形容词作宾补,如call,name,appoint,elect,make,think,find,consider,keep,believe,prove...They considered that a downright lie.他们认为那是彻头彻尾的谎言。
(名词)Adversity makes a man wise,not rich.患难使人聪明,但不能使人致富。
(形容词)状语:She did it out of curiosity.他出于好奇做了这件事(原因状语)Spray the area regularly to kill bugs.这个地方要经常喷洒才能杀死臭虫。
(目的状语)Taken/If it is taken out of context, the sentence is ambiguous.脱离上下文,句子的意思就含糊不清了(条件状语)An oak is not felled at one stroke.橡树不是一下就能砍倒的(方式状语)She said goodbye with tears in her eyes.她含着泪水说再见。
(伴随状语)To a great extent, it is not fair.在很大程度上,这是不公平的。
(程度状语)定语:单词用作定语时,置于所修饰的名词之前;短语和从句用作定语时,一般置于所修饰的名词之后。
up-to-date equipment(形容词)先进的设备。
That’s the way to do it.(不定式)那正是做此事的方法。
The tree in the backyard was blown down.(介词短语)后院那棵树被风刮倒了。
同位语:用于来解释或说明该名词或代词的句子成分。
We demand a guarantee that no similar incident would occur again.我们保证不再发生类似事件。
4.句子类型:复合句:包含两个以上主谓结构,其中一个主谓结构是句子的主体,称为主句。
并列复合句:由一个复合句和另一个简单句或复合句并列连词连接而成的句子。
Fields have eyes,and woods have ears.隔墙有耳(并列句:并列连词连接两简单句)5.三步读懂长难句:(1)找出全句的主干:利用谓语动词破解句子主干。
非谓语动词有三种形式:不定式、动名词和分词;非谓语动词不受人称和数的变化的限制;非谓语动词在句中可当名词或形容词使用,作定语、状语等。
(2)确定从属类型及从属关系:根据引导词前单词的词性。
引导词前世名词,为定语从句或同位语从句。
两者的区分诀窍,同位语从句that只起连接作用,定语从句引导词在从句中作成分。
One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to tracebehavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character,human nature,and so on.难题之一在于几乎所有所谓的行为科学依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为的根源。
(3)确定修饰成分:主谓表宾宾补是句子的主干,其他起修饰作用的定语、同位语、状语就是句子的枝叶。
In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the Universityof Wurzburg in Germany asked volunteers to hold a pen with their teeth.在1988 年公布的一个实验中,德国维尔茨堡大学的社会心理学家福利次斯塔克要求实验试用者用牙齿咬住一只笔。
6.名词性从句:三类引导词(①不充当句子成分的连接词that;whether,if.②连接代词what;who;whom;whose;whatever;which③连接副词when;why;how;where)从句引导词的选择取决于它在从句中充当的成分。
(1)主语从句:许多情况下为了平衡句子,采用it形式主语,主语从句后置。
(2)表语从句:“主语+系动词+表语从句”结构What is troubling me is that I don’t have much experience in this kind of work.使我苦恼的是做这个工作,我经验不多。
(3)宾语从句:①及物动词或介词后作宾语②双宾语动词后作直接宾语③“及物动词+it+宾补+宾语从句”We consider it necessary that you have a clear understanding of the situation.我认为你有必要认清形势(that为真正宾语结构)(4)同位语从句:跟在某些名词(即先行词)后,that为最常见引导词,不能省略。
某些名词通常有:hope,fact,news,agreement,belief,concept,idea,suggestion,doubt,decision,possibility, evidence....There is a popular saying that family instability causes social instability.有一种流行的说法,认为家庭的不稳定导致了社会的不稳定。
(that从句作saying 的同位语。
)7.定语从句:修饰名词或代词(先行词)的从句,相当于“形容词”作用。
定语从句的引导词也叫关系词,包括关系代词that;which;who;whom;whose...关系副词when;where;why...(1)读懂“介词+关系代词”结构It’s a theory to which many economists subscribe.这是许多经济学家赞成的一种理论。
(to与从句中的subscribe搭配)The documents for which they were searching have been recovered.他们找寻的文件已经找到了。
(for与从句中的searching搭配)There are occasions on which one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
(on与occasions搭配,作从句时间状语)(2)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句:前者对先行词加以限制,去掉定语从句句意不完整;后者对先行词其补充说明作用,“,+关系词”,省略句意完整。
后者还可替代整个主句含义。
He made great contributions to the science of physics,for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize.他在物理学领域做出了杰出贡献,因此被授予诺贝尔奖。
(which替代great contributions...physics,for与从句谓语构成be awarded...for搭配,for which在从句中作原因状语。
)He turned a deaf ear to my demands,which enraged me.他对我的要求置之不理,这使我很气愤。
(which代表整个主句含义,在从句中作主语。
)(3)特殊定语从句:①as引导的非限制性定语从句,多用于固定搭配(as was discussed,as is pointed out,as is often the case,as was expected,such...as...。
)②than 引导的定语从句,代替形容词比较级修饰的名词作从句句子成分。
He opposed the idea,as could be expected.正如预料的那样,他反对这个意见。
(as与could be expected搭配,代表整个主句含义。
Children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.现在的孩子在家里受到的监督可能比传统家庭中的孩子要少。
(than与比较级less 呼应,than代替supervision,作从句主语。
)8.状语从句:Do it the way you were taught.招教你的那样去做。
the way=as,方式时间状语从句:when(ever),while,as,till,until,since,after...原因状语从句:because,since,as,for the reason that,in that...让步状语从句:(al)though,even if,whereas,while,even though...条件状语从句:if,unless,suppose(假设假定)in case(that),in the event(that),as long as 目的状语从句:so that,so,in order that,in case,lest...结果状语从句:that,so (that),such...that,with the result that...比较状语从句:as...as,the same as,such...as,than...方式状语从句:as,as if,as though,the way,how...地点状语从句:where(ever),everywhere,anywhere...(2)so that引导的结果状语从句与主句一般用“,”隔开,位于主句后;其引导的目的状语从句常与情态动词can,might,could连用,相当于in order that,可置于主句前。