文献出处: Johnson R. The research of household electrical appliances export trade and trade barriers [J]. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2015, 12(5): 12-22.原文The research of household electrical appliances export trade and trade barriersJohnson RAbstractWith the rapid development of economy, the global ecological environment suffered seriously damage, and some negative external economic factors occurred, such as there have been resource depletion, the greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, and so on, which requires countries to adopt environmental protection measures to safeguard the earth. Due to the developed countries have strong economic strength, science technology, and pay attention to environmental protection concerns earlier, the developin g countries can’t reach the environmental standards that drawled up by developed countries, which making all related to environmental protection measures to be considered as" green barriers”. Household electrical appliances industry is one of the most fastest-growing industry in our country, it should continue to give play its export advantage. The household electrical appliances enterprises must understand and identify the essence of the green barriers, find out the characteristic of various EU green barriers which household electrical appliances encounter, through analyzing the reasons why household electrical appliances repeatedly suffer green barriers, the article use theoretical and empirical method to research the influence from EU green barriers to our electrical appliances export, the household electrical appliances companies should improve the production technology in a positive manner, enhance product quality and technical content, so that they can calmly deal with the green barriers.Keywords: Green Barriers; Household Electrical Appliance Products; Export Trade1 IntroductionUnder the background of global integration, free trade has become the trend of The Times, however, trade liberalization brought a lot of the negative externality of economic factors, such as environmental pollution, shortage of energy and resources,the ozone layer loss, etc., these directly affect the human survival life circle, the international environmental protection and therefore more and more be taken seriously, make the international trade and international environmental protection, is contradictory to each other again, green barrier is one kind of product. As in the long-term development, the economic and technological development level is different, lead to countries and attentions to the requirement of environmental protection are also different. Developed countries with strong economic strength and scientific technology, attention to environmental protection, early and develop more stringent environmental standards, puts forward higher requirements for the product, while developing countries due to the environmental protection starts late and when there are contradictory with the environmental protection and economic development, will be based on reality, priority to the development of the domestic economy, makes the developing countries to the requirements of environmental protection in developed countries. In fact, due to the environmental protection level gap of different countries, related to the environmental protection measures are considered "green barriers". Green barriers as the world's production of environmental protection consciousness enhancement, and plays a role in the development of a country's home appliance industry. In this paper, through theoretical analysis was carried out on the green barrier system, understand the reason of developed countries to implement green barriers, the developed countries to the electrical appliances product, by studying the implementation of a series of green barriers measures and characteristics, looking for home appliance export under the cause of the green barrier, analyzes the influence of the EU green barriers to home appliance trade.2 Literature reviewIn the tide of globalization, countries to promote trade liberalization, cancellation of tariff barriers, and along with the rapid development of international trade, has become an increasingly important problem of non-tariff barriers in trade. Environmental factors has become one of the main factors affecting international trade in recent years, as a result, people began to look at, related to the environmental protection effect of free trade measures as barriers to trade, namely "green barrier".About the definition of green barriers, a dispute about the theoretical circle. Now many scholars to environmental measures as a form of "barriers", the theory is based on environmental factors will increase the cost of the export of goods and technology requirements, prevent a country's goods exports, while the importer can through the implementation of green barriers to reduce imports of goods and weaken the international competitiveness of imports, thus effectively protect the goods and the market, so it is a kind of protectionist measures.Brian R.C operand, Scott Taylor (2006) (Trade, Growth and the Environment), when receiving the Nobel Prize in economics in December 1979 in a speech put forward: "in the developed world to control the Growth rate of less developed countries is the main link Trade". Developed countries depend not only on the development of economy and technology advantages, but also on the political position in international activities, and other advantages. Technology advantage is just one of the means to achieve the purpose of political discrimination is substantial. And is the basis of green barriers to the implementation of economic strength, technical level and industry foundation, the developed countries can use to trade for their own protection. Gallagher (2006) the research points out that the emergence of green barriers to trade increased export customs clearance when the uncertainty of the factors. Trade uncertainty affects the size and price, its effect is equivalent to a certain level of tariff barriers, essence is the imposition of trade protectionism. Toms (2009) argue that green barrier is a developed country with its advantage of science and technology, through a variety of legal forms, environmental standards and health standards in the regulation of foreign trade, set access restrictions on imported goods trade system, is to protect the environment by implementing trade protectionism. Blus (2013) to establish a trade price gradient field space control model, through the green barriers of tariff barriers substitution effect theory and empirical research, it is concluded that the fall in tariff rates generally international background, the developed countries and emerging industrialized countries or regions in order to protect their own products and industries and will use tariffs alternative technologies, can achieve the purpose ofAnd some other scholars believe that the green barrier is well-meaning, it is beneficial to environmental protection and human health of environmental protection industry and green product trade rapid growth, is a country's industrial structure adjustment, promote the sustainable development of economy. Along with the adoption of environmental protection new technology, new technology, products in the technology knowledge, make the international trade goods structure increasingly by mainly resource-intensive and labor-intensive to technology-intensive and knowledge-intensive, promoted the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. Esty and Geradin (2008) points out that the protection of ecological environment is the responsibility of each earth people and consensus, it is free and fair trade is one of the two goals of human beings. They believe that free trade is serious damage to the environment, the WTO and the governments should develop more strict and harsh trade and environmental protection laws and regulations, improve trade standard of environmental protection, green barriers will no doubt greatly increase. Akinmulegun (2009) argue that green trade is a new trade way, will replace the traditional way of international trade, is the result of the implementation of sustainable development of the society, and in many developing countries see it as a barrier to hinder the development of free trade is not reasonable, put forward from the green, the standardization of terms of trade and environment of external costs two ways to solve the difficult problems in the implementation of green trade.Alfaro (2009) pointed out that when inconsistent environmental protection and economic development, developing countries will be at the expense of the environment, the development of its economy, it ignored the rationality of green barriers. They believe that green barrier is developed based on the rules formed by the environmental protection and the gradual evolution of trade barriers, which have the function of trade protection, but it is the product of scientific and technological progress, is the embodiment of the progress of human civilization, has strong rationality. Ayadi (2005) was analyzed by using the "people-oriented" concept of "green barriers" problem, to admit its rationality and modernity. They think that poorpeople in developing countries and the world more dependent on the natural environment, more need to protect the environment and ecology, we should face the reality, adoption of foreign trade on economic "reversed transmission mechanism", "green barrier" of "challenge" into "opportunity" of economic and social development. Ayanwale (2006), making use of the environmental Kuznets curve in this paper, the green trade barriers in developing countries have a positive effect, makes the developing countries to speed up the pace of the environmental protection and technology reform, the status quo of global environmental improvement has a promoting effect.2.2 The formation of green barriersThe formation of green barriers has both inside and outside factors. From the external cause, the environmental protection across the globe, green consumption is widely admired; Tariffs and traditional non-tariff barriers have quit, make protectionist barriers to seek new means. The generation of green barriers is free trade and environmental protection products of trend. Anderson in 1992 published "The Greening Of world trade" (The Greening Of The World Trade Issues).He thinks that a country in international trade must give priority to protect the environment, to reduce and eliminate the pollution and damage the environment products production and sales, in order to protect the environment and human health, all countries have the right to take tariff and non-tariff measures, control product exports even pollute the environment, any product should be included in the cost of environment and resource costs, make the ecological environment resource and environmental cost internalization. Greene (2003) from the Angle of ecology, research the causes of green trade barriers, think the deteriorating environmental problems is the objective reasons of green trade barriers in developing countries the backwardness and environmental awareness on environmental protection science and technology, the related laws and regulations lag is caused by developing countries cannot span of the main causes of green trade barriers. Findlay (2009) argue that the rapid development of economic globalization and increasingly severe global environmental problems is the relationship between international trade and environmental protection is increasinglyclose a crucial reason. From internal cause and the different types of countries due to its economic development level is different, the environmental protection standard, under the background of national interests is supreme reality, injected the most advantageous for the emergence of green barriers. Dollar (2008) argue that the developed countries use the rising green wave in the world, building non-tariff barriers "" environment, its essence is to achieve the purpose of trade protection3 The influence of green barrier3.1 The impact on the international competitivenessDue to the environmental protection consciousness between developed countries and developing countries and the differences between science and technology, formulation and implementation of green barriers is much by developed countries. And about the relationship between environmental regulation and international competitiveness research, academic circles appeared two factions, the traditional school and correct school. Traditional school representative Palmer, Oates and Putney (1995) argues that the implementation of environmental regulation will lead to rising production costs, thereby reducing international competitiveness, and severe environmental quality improvement benefits brought by the environmental regulation may be lower than the losses suffered by their markets to foreign competitors. Revisionist view environmental regulation makes competitive don't send a rose, Porter and Vanderlin (1995) on severe degree of environmental regulation and international competitiveness on the surface of the relationship between the flux in a dynamic framework, found that strict environmental regulation is possible to improve the international competitiveness of a country's industry. Elite and Frederickson (1998) suggested that the growing demand for the environmental quality will cause pollution tax subsidies and production increase at the same time, so as to make the tax and subsidy policy changes, and may lead to increase in exports, decrease imports, the country's international competitiveness.3.2 The influence of green barrier on international tradeThe implementation of the green barriers, the most direct response is to increase the export of goods cost, improve the technical threshold of imports, have the functionof the restricted imports of goods, bring serious harm to exporters. Crespo (2005) was analyzed by using the model of demand and supply the influence of green barrier on international trade, due to the developed countries and developing countries of different development level of science and technology and the differences in environmental standards, developed countries can formulate strict environmental standards to achieve the purpose of restricting imports. When the developed countries in the implementation of these environmental policies and measures with a strong color of trade protectionism, makes the international trade in the unreasonable restrictions and distortions, seriously hindered the modernization in developing countries, harm the interests of developing countries, and brings to the world trade new obstacles and difficulties. Burgess (2010) based on the theory of economics of supply and demand and the elasticity theory, from the two aspects of green taxation and market access restrictions of the importer effects were analyzed, and found the green taxation and market access restrictions from the price and quantity affects the importer of the domestic economy, and the implementation of the green barrier, will make the limited products continue to increase in developing countries as well as the pollution industry transfer to developing countries.译文家电产品出口贸易与贸易壁垒研究Johnson R摘要当前，经济不断地发展，全球生态环境却遭到严重的破坏，出现了资源耗竭、温室效应、臭氧层耗损等经济的负外部性因素，这就要求各国采取环保措施来维护我们赖以生存的地球。