奥运比赛规则英文版SailboatWhen sailing meets on water, it is necessary to implement a set of navigation rules that are much more complex than the traffic rules on land. If athletes want to achieve good results, they must be familiar with a 131 page thick competition rules (RRs), a 95 page thick rule case analysis and a 20 page or more level rules. Before the competition, we have to study two other rules -- competition rules and navigation rules. How to use rules to suppress opponents and make profits is an important topic that athletes and coaches need to study. Sailing competition rules mainly include navigation rules, competition implementation rules and protest trial rules. This rule is revised every four years after the Olympic Games. ISAF also issues rule interpretations, including cases issued annually. All cases were revised and printed in accordance with the latest rules.The most common rule of sailing on the starboard side is to give way to the coming wind; The ship in the upwind position should avoid the downwind ship; When encountering a route buoy or obstacle, the ship approaching the object behind shall avoid the ship already approaching the object, and the ship on the outside shall avoid the shipon the inside. The competition implementation rules mainly stipulate the organization and management norms of the competition, such as the method of departure and the method of signal notification. Protest Trial Provisions are a set of adjudication methods to solve disputes or fouls caused by athletes' encounter and collision on water.Sailing venueThe official sailing competition is required to be held on the open sea, which should be 1 ~ 2 kilometers away from the coast. The competition site consists of three buoys forming an equilateral triangle, and the length of each route is no less than 2 ~ 2.5 nautical miles. The starting route and finishing line are connected by two signs, with a width of 100 ~ 200m, which can be increased or decreased according to the number of participating sailboats. Another way to calculate the length of the route is to multiply the number of sailing boats participating in the competition by the length of the boat by 1.25 meters. The starting route and the terminal line shall be parallel, and the 1st mark and the wind direction line shall be perpendicular to each other at an angle of 90 degrees.Competition order of sailing voyageThe competition order of the whole voyage is as follows: after departure, unify the marks 1, 2 and 3, and then circle the marks 1 and 3 to reach the destination; The competition order of shortening the voyage is: after sailing, circle the signs 1, 2 and 3 to reach the destination. The actual distance of sailing competition is divided into three parts: departure, sailing and destination. The full range is 18000 meters and the shortened range is 10000.events and soring of yatchingSailing events include triangular mark circling and long-distance sailing. The Olympic Games, the world sailing Championships and the China sailing Championships all use short-distance triangular sailing around the mark. The straight-line range is about 28 kilometers. There are 7 competitions in total, and the best results of 6 of them are selected to calculate the ranking of each sailing boat. The results are evaluated according to the sum of the good ranking scores of each competition. Sailboats that have not been disqualified or closed outside the finish line. The scores of each ranking in each race are: 0 points for the first place, 3 points for the second place, 5.7 points for the third place, 8 points for the fourth place, 10 points for the fifth place, 11.7points for the sixth place, the number of ranking times for the seventh place and later places plus 6. If the sailboat has reached the finish line, if it is disqualified or closed outside the finish line due to a foul, its ranking score is Gabe, the total number of sailboats participating in the competition. The sum of the ranking scores of each sailing ship in each race is the result of the ship. The one with less total score is the winner.Sailing race rush foulOne of the rules of sailing competition. It refers to "rush to sail" when the hull, equipment or any part of the crew's body touches the starting route or its extension line before the departure signal is sent. Penalty: the gun pilot returns to the side of the starting route and starts again.Sailing race reliefOne of the rules of sailing competition. Refers to the punishment received by the violator in the game. If the mark is touched or not circled; T ouch another ship, rotate 720 degrees or increase the ranking by 200 / 0.Sailing rulesAfter the departure signal is sent, any part of the racing ship's body, crew or equipment touches the route when it leads to the first subject course, which is regarded as "departure".end a contestTerms used in sailing rules. When the hull, equipment or any part of the athlete's body of the participating yacht bypasses all the specified marks and touches the finish line on the specified race voyage, the yacht will end the race.mark of yachtingA marker showing the course of a race. A flag or flagpole made of metal or foam plastics. The rules stipulate that during the race, the sailboat must bypass or pass through any sign from the specified side.avoid or yachtingOne of the rules of sailing competition. The rules stipulate varioussignals and avoidance rules during the competition to avoid collision and accidents. The sailing ships in the competition must abide by them together. One of them is fair sailing. We must win with superb technology and superior speed. We are not allowed to win by improper means. The navigation rules also stipulate the voyage and the direction of turning around the mark. All sailboats must turn around the mark according to the regulations, otherwise they will be treated as not completing the race. If it collides with the mark, it will be fined 360 degrees, and then continue to participate in the competition; If the sailboat violates the rules in the race, it will be punished to rotate 720 degrees continuously in the same direction (i.e. rotate twice in the same place) to free itself, and then continue to participate in the race.judse boat of yachingFacilities used for organization and command in sailing competitions. The international flag is used to transmit commands. "Red flag" means that the racing sailing boat must bypass the specified signs in a clockwise direction; "Green flag" means that the sailboat must bypass the sign in a counterclockwise direction. When the flag of a certain level is raised on the cross mast, it indicates the warning signal of that level. There are 10 minutes before departure. The "P" flagindicates that there are 5 minutes before departure. After that, every 1 minute, notify each sailboat with audio signals in the order of 4, 3, 2 and L. Before opening the starting route, those who rush through the starting route shall be recalled and set sail again according to the theory of rush to sail. If there are many sailing boats rushing to sail and the referee is unable to identify the sailing boats rushing to sail, all sailing boats of this level will be recalled and set sail again. Sailboats must abide by the competition rules and navigation rules from the start of signal preparation in five minutes.Precautions for sailing competitionSailing competitions are held on the sea, and the sea situation is more complex. Sailing athletes are first required to be able to swim and swim a long distance. In addition, we must have good physical quality and endurance to adapt to the turbulence of long-term sea storms. International sailing competitions are often held in strong winds with a wind speed of 10 ~ 12 meters per second. It is necessary to maintain the course and a certain speed without capsizing. Therefore, athletes need to try their best to press the side and maintain the balance of the ship. At the same time, we should have a clear mind to grasp the surrounding environment, water flow rate, flow direction and air flowchanges; When there are many participating ships, you must also be familiar with the competition rules and avoid fouls. Excellent athletes must also know how to check and sort out the equipment on board, especially adjust the sail type to suit the maximum lift.AthleticsIn track and field games, all races (including hurdles and relay race) belong to track events. The ranking of participants is determined by the order in which their torso (different from head, neck, arms, legs, hands or feet) reaches the vertical line on the inside of the finish line. If the same track results affect the entry of the next race, they shall be recorded if circumstances permit, otherwise they shall be re competed. If the result is the first in the final, the chief referee has the right to decide whether to replay. If he thinks it is not necessary to replay, he will maintain the result; As for the second round, there is no need to repeat it.Beach VolleyballBeach volleyball competition rules the two person beach volleyball competition organized by the International Volleyball Federation isdifferent from the indoor volleyball competition rules:（1）A team consists of two players. Two members of each team must always be on the court without replacement. When the server hits the ball, except for the members of the service team, the players of both sides must be in the field and can stand at will. There is no fixed position, no position error or rotation error, but there is a wrong service order. When each team serves for the first time in a game, the recorder shall reveal the service order. During the game, the announcer shall display the number plate of the server No. 1 or No. 2 to indicate the service order of the team. If the recorder finds that the service order is wrong, he shall notify the referee immediately after serving and hitting the ball.（2）Each team can hit the ball up to three times, and the blocking tentacle can also hit the ball once. For the third time, the ball must be hit back from the net to the opponent's field.（3）Players shall not use their fingers to command the ball to complete offensive hitting.（4）When a player completes an offensive stroke by passing theball with his upper hand, the passing track is not perpendicular to the connecting line of his shoulders, that is, a foul.（5）When defending a heavy spike with an upper hand pass, the ball is allowed to stagnate briefly in the hand. When both players touch the ball online at the same time, they can "hold the ball".（6）Players are allowed to penetrate into the opponent's space, field area and barrier free area without hindering the opponent's competition.（7）Any player can attack the ball at any height in the space of the field.（8）In each game, each team can request a maximum of 4 pauses, each of which is 30 seconds. Any team member can request a suspension from the referee.（9）In any form of competition, when the score of both sides is 5, the recorder will notify the referee, and then the two sides will exchange fields. The team can be given up to 30 seconds of rest in the exchange area. However, there is no break time when the decisive game of thethree game two win system is exchanged.（10）In a three game two win game, all inter game breaks are 5 minutes.（11）If a player is injured during the game, he can be given a recovery time of 5 minutes, but the same player can be given a recovery time of up to two times in a game. If a player does not recover within 5 minutes or the same player recovers more than twice in a game, the team will be declared incomplete.The trial scoring system for each ball is: two wins in three games, 21 points in each game. The team that wins the opponent's 2 points or more is the winning team, and there is no upper limit on the score; If there are 1-1 innings, the third game will be played. The third set is 15 points. The team that wins the opponent's 2 points or more is the winning team of the game, and there is no upper limit on the score; In the first two games, when the scores of both sides add up to 10 points, exchange the playing field. In the third game, when the scores of both sides add up to 5 points, the playing field is changed. There is no rest during each venue exchange, and no delay is allowed.In each game, each team has two pauses, each time for 30 seconds; The inter office rest time is 1 minute; In each game, the penalties of the sports team are not accumulated, but accumulated in each game. At the beginning of each game, the number of penalties imposed by the game shall be recalculated; In each game, each athlete has only one injury suspension; The loser in the draw of the first game has the right to choose first at the beginning of the second game. In case of the third game, draw lots again.BoxingOnly men's boxing is played in the Olympic Games. The boxing match is played by two players on a square boxing ring. In amateur boxing, the goal of the competition is to gain points by hitting the opponent or make the opponent unable to continue the competition.Boxers must wear boxing gloves and are only allowed to hit the side and front parts above the waist with a clenched fist. In the Sydney Olympic Games, each boxing match consists of four rounds, two minutes per round and one minute rest between rounds. The previous Olympic boxing matches had three rounds of three minutes each, but medical reports showed that the new competition system could reducethe physical injury suffered by boxers in the competition.scoreWhen the bell rang, a round of boxing began. The boxers approached each other in an attempt to score an effective blow. A clear and powerful hit to a reasonable part of the opponent's body with the peak part of the clenched glove will score one point. The effective hitting parts include the front and side of the opponent's head and the front and side of the upper body above the waist. The hit on the arm is invalid. If the hit of the effective hit part is determined not to constitute the strike force, no score will be given.A five member panel of judges will decide whether to score a hit, and the electronic scoring system will ensure that the score is scored only when at least three of the five judges decide to score. There are two buttons in front of each judge. One button represents a contestant. When the judge thinks that the competitor has an effective hit on the opponent, he can press the corresponding button. Only when at least three judges press the same button within less than a second of each other will the scoring system score.A boxer can get one point for an effective hit, and the points are calculated by the electronic system. When two boxers hit each other quickly and continuously in a close fight, neither side can hit with enough hitting power. At this time, the judge can wait until the close combat is over and give the dominant party a point.At the end of the boxing match, sum up the points given by each judge. The one who obtains the more points assessed by most judges is declared the winner. If the final points obtained by the two players are the same, the judge will determine the ownership of the winner by evaluating which player is dominant in the competition scene or has a better sports style. If the judges' evaluation is still flat after measuring these factors, they can turn to the defensive skills of the players to make the final evaluation.(strike) fall to the ground and (strike) fall to the groundIn a boxing match, a boxer can be judged as falling to the ground when any other part of his body above the hind foot touches the table. After being hit, the player shall be judged as falling to the ground when his body part falls out of the rope, or he is out of strength, relies on or hangs on the rope, or after being hit hard, although he can stand, he isconsidered unable to continue the competition by the referee on the stage. When the boxer is knocked down, the referee starts counting from 1 to 10 seconds. Electronic counting devices are now used. Each time the device will give a beep, but the judges on the stage often count the seconds themselves. The referee on the stage asked to keep one hand in front of the fallen player for a few seconds and indicate the number of seconds with a gesture. After counting to 10 seconds, if the fallen player cannot stand up, the other party can be judged to knock down the opponent and win.Even if the fallen player stands up immediately, he cannot continue the game. He must first accept the 8 times and seconds of the referee on the stage. After a few seconds to 8, the referee on the stage will order "start" to continue the game when he thinks the game can continue. If the knocked down player falls to the ground again without hitting after standing up, the referee on the stage starts 8 seconds at a time.A player who falls to the ground and is being counted for several seconds can be stopped for several seconds only when the bell rings at the end of the last round of the final to avoid being judged as a failure. In other rounds and competitions, the referee on the stage continuesfor several seconds after the bell ringsIf both sides are knocked to the ground at the same time, the referee on the stage shall count seconds at the same time. As long as one side remains on the ground, continue to count for 10 seconds. If both sides can't stand up from a few seconds to 10 o'clock, the game is over and the one who has obtained the most points before the time of falling to the ground wins.foulWhen a boxer commits a foul, he will face warning, warning or the most severe punishment and be disqualified from the competition. For the same kind of crime, two warnings are equal to one warning. Three warnings, whether for the same foul or not, will result in disqualification of the player. Common fouls include: hitting the other party below the waist line, holding the other party, squeezing the other party's face with arms and elbows, pressing the other party's head out of the rope, opening the palm, hitting with the back of the palm, hitting the back of the other party's head and neck and the back of the body. Other fouls include passive defense, not taking a step back when the referee ordered to "separate", language colliding with the referee on the stageand hitting the other party on the horse after the referee ordered to "separate".。