1._Phonetics_ studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, thatis how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, thedescription and classification of speech sounds, words and connectedspeech, etc.2._Phonology_ studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, andsequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.3.Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of _words_. Itstudies the minimal units of meaning — morphemes and word-formation4.Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct _sentences_5.Semantics examines how _meaning_ is encoded in a language.6._Pragmatics_ is the study of meaning in context.7._Sociolinguistics_ is the study of the characteristics of language varieties,the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of theirspeakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speechcommunity.8.In contrast with other linguists, then, _anthropological_ linguists areinterested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwrittenlanguages.9.Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and _mind_, forexample, in processing and producing utterances and in languageacquisition.10.In a narrow sense, _applied_ linguistics refers to the application of linguistictheories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching toforeign and second languages.11. 1. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds.12.[d] _voiced stops, alveolar_; [θ] _voiceless fricatives, dent al_;13.[æ] _front, open, low, unrounded_; [i:] _front, close, high, unrounded_;14.15. 2. Write the word indicated by each transcription.16.[itɑr] _guitar_ [tuzdei] _Tuesday_ [twuθbrʌʃ] _toothbrush_17.[əphɔintmənt] _appointment_ [pæŋkeik] _pancake_18.19. paring [ɡwoʊt] and[æŋɡər], _goat_ and _anger_ are two differentphones and are variants of the phoneme /g/. Such variants of a phonemeare called _allophones_ of the same phoneme. In this case, they are said to be in _complementary distribution_.20.21. 4.Transcribe the following set of words and mark primary and secondarystress with super- and sub-ticks.22.repeat _[ri’pit]_, repetitive _[ri’petitiv]_, repetition _[ˌrɛpɪˈtɪʃən]_.23.24. 5. Please identify the stressed word, and intonation pattern of the followingsentences.Example: We went to a movie last night. (topic of conversation: going tomovies)25.stressed word: movie falling tone26.27. 1. We went to a movie last night. (topic of conversation: last night'sactivities)28.______stressed word: last night falling tone _______.29.30. 2. Should we see a movie tonight? (topic of conversation: doing somethingtonight)31.______stressed word: see a movie rising tone _______.32.33. 3. Should we see the movie tonight? (topic of conversation: when we areseeing a movie)34.______stressed word: tonight rising tone ________________.35.36. 6. Phonetics looks at speech sounds from three distinct but related points ofview. _Articulatory_ phonetics studies the production of speech sounds,_auditory_ phonetics focuses on the perception of speech sounds, and_acoustic_ phonetics looks into the transmission of speech sounds37.38.7. When two different forms are identical (the same) in every way except forone sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the twosound combinations are said to form a _minimal pair_, e.g. beat, bit, bet, bat, boot, but, bait, bite, boat.39.40.8. The phonemic features that occur above the level of phonemes are called_suprasegmental_ features. Stress, intonation, and tone are thephonological properties of such units as the _syllable_, the word, and thesentence.41.In traditional grammar only about eight categories (called parts of speech)are recognized, but all current theories of grammar have found it necessaryto increase this number by the addition of such non-traditional categories as _determiner (Det)_ (限定词), degree words (Deg)（程度词）and qualifier (Qua)（限定语）.42.Three criteria are used for determining lexical categories: meaning (词汇意义),43._inflections_(屈折变化) and syntactic relations(句法特征).44. 3. Syntactic relations include positional relation (位置关系), co-occurrencerelation (同现关系) and relation of _substitutability_(可替代关系).45. 4. __Phrases__ are syntactic units that are built around a certain wordcategory.46. 5. Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain thefollowing elements: ___head____, specifier, complements and modifiers.47. 6. Specifiers are words on the __left__ side of the heads; they semanticallyhelp make more precise the meaning of the heads.48.7. _Complements_ are words on the right side of the heads, they provideinformation about entities and locations whose existence is implied by themeaning of the head.49.8. __Universal_ grammar (UG) theory holds that the speaker knows a setof principles that apply to all languages, and parameters that vary from one language to another.50.9. Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules---the __XP__rule, so there is a general rule for all the movement rules.51.10. Wh _movement_ can apply not only to wh questions but also to relativeclauses because relative clause structures are very similar to embedded wh questions.52.I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the sentences. 30%53. 1. _Reference_ deals with the relationship between the linguistic elementand the non-linguistic world experience.54. 2. “Charge” and “accuse” are said to be _collocational_ synonyms.55. 3. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thingit refers to, or stands for, is known as the __naming__ theory.56. 4. The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called_co-hyponyms_.57. 5. Predication analysis is to break down predications into theirconstituents: _argument_ and __predicate__.58. 6. __Synonymy__ is the technical name for the sameness relation.59.7. The words “husband” and “wife” are __relational__ antonyms.60.8. There are two aspects of sentence meaning: __grammatical meaning__and _semantic meaning__.61.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in thestudy of meaning __the context of use__ is considered.62.The meaning of a sentence is __abstract__ and _decontextualized__, whilethat of an utterance is __concrete__ and __context-dependent__.63.There has been a maxim in __quanti ty__ which claims that “You are whatyou say”.64.__Pragmalinguistics___ is applied to the more linguistic end of pragmatics.__Sociopragmatics__ is the sociological interface of pragmatics.65.Grice specified two kinds of implied meaning or implicature:_conventional__ implicature and __non-conventional__ implicature. 66.。