Chapter 1:1.What are the design features of language?The features that define our human language can be called Design Features.2.What is Arbitrariness?Saussure first refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs(symbol forms) bear no natural relationship to their meaning.3.What are onomatopoeia words?Words that sound like the sounds they describe.4.How do you understand of clauses language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level?The order of elements in a sentence follows certain rules,and there is a certain degree of correspondence between the sequence of clauses and the real happenings.5.What is duality?By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(Lyons)6.What is the advantage of duality?It lies in the great productive power our language is endowed with.A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements.And out of the huge number of words,there can be endless number of sentences,which in turn can form unlimited number of texts.7.How do you understand language is a system?In terms of internal structure,language is hierarchical.There are 6 level.Speech sounds,morpheme,word,phrase,sentence,text.8.What is creativity?By creativity we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness.(Chomsky Noam).The recursiveness refers to the potential of language to create endless sentences.9.What is displacement?Displacement means that human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.10.What is the benefit of displacement?Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalization and abstractions.11.What are the 3 theory concerning to the origin of language?First,the divine origin theory:Language is created by God.Second,the invention theory:Language is created by man.(①The bow-wow theory拟声说the evidence is onomatopoeic words.②The pooh-pooh theory感叹说the evidence is interjections③The yo-ho-yo theory劳动喊声说some rhythmic grunt.)Third,the evolutionary theory:when men involved in a certain degree,they have the cognitive ability.There are two basices:Psychical basic(speech organ) and social basises(cooperate communication ),then language came into being.12.What are the seven functions of language?Informative信息功能,Interpersonal人际，Performative施为，Emotion感情，Phatic communion 交感,recreational娱乐，meta-lingual元语言。

13.What are the six factors of speech event?Speaker、addressee(listener)、context、message、code、contact(Jakobson)Speech event is consisted of two or more than two speech acts.14.What are the metafuntions of language?Halliday think language has ideational,interpersonal and textual functions.15.What is informative/interpersonal/performative/emotion/expressive/phatic/recreational meta-lingual function?When language is used to record the facts or to reason things out,it serves the informative function.(ideational function)When language is used to establish and maintain people’s status in a society,it serves the interpersonal function.Austin and Searle think when language is used to perform acts or do things,it serves the performative functionWhen language is used to change the emotional status of an audience for or against sb or sth.(Crystal).The expressive function can often be entirely personal and totally without any implication of communication to others.Malinowski think that when language is used to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without involving any factual content.(Greeting,farewells,compliments,comments on weather,invitations)When language is used for the hearty joy of using it,it serves the recreational function.When language is used to talk about itself,it serves the meta-lingual function.16.What is linguistic? How it classified?Linguistic is the scientific study of language.It classified into two parts:Micro-linguistic(general linguistic)普通语言学is a study of internal structure of language；Macro-linguistic is a study of language in connection with other disciplines.17.What is Phonetics?(语音学）languagePhonetics studies speech sounds,including the production of speech,that is,how speech sounds are actually made,transmitted and received,the description and classification of speech sounds,words and connected speech,etc.There are three branches.Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）is a study of organs and how they move to produce speech sounds.Acoustic phonetics（声学语音学）investigate the properties of the sound waves.Auditory phonetics(听觉语言学）focus on the way in which a listener analyses or processes a sound wave.18.What is phonology?(音位学）languagePhonology studies the rules governing the structure,distribution,and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllable.It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as the point of departure.Phoneme(45个) is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning. 19.What is morphology?(形态学）wordsMorphology is concerned with the internal organization of words.It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes.Morphemes refer to the minimal units of meaning.20.How do you study morphological morphemes?21.What is syntax(grammar)?（句法）sentenceSyntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences.22.What is semantics?(语义学）概念意义（literal meaning/conceptional)Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language.23.What is pragmatics?(语用学）语境意义（implied meaning/contextual)Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context.24.What the ship between semantics and pragmatics?They all focus on the meaning.The difference is....25.What is psycho-linguistic and socio-linguistic?Psycholinguistic investigates the interrelation of language and mind.Sociolinguistic is a study of language in relation to society.26.What is descriptive and prescriptive study of language?The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules,or norms,of correctness.To say that linguistics is a prescriptive is to say that the linguist seeks to impose upon member of speech community other rules,or norms,of correctness.(Lyons)27.What is the difference between traditional grammar and modern linguistic?①方法不同。