To upper lo b e
To lingu la
To low er lo b e
In trap u lm o n ary
E x trap u lm o n ary
In trap u lm o n ary
M uscles of inspiration
Pr incipal
External intercostals (elevate ribs)
E p ith eliu m
C o n n ectiv e tissu e sh eath (cu t aw ay)
In tercartilag in o u s lig am en ts
T rach eal cartilag es
M ucosa show ing lo n g itu d u al fo ld s fo rm ed b y d en se co llectio n s o f elastic fib res
流行病学
epidemiology
美国癌症死亡率 (1992-1996)
死亡率 80 100,000 70 人/每年 60
50 40 30 20 10
0
直肠癌Βιβλιοθήκη 胰腺癌男 女肺癌
前列腺癌 乳腺癌 卵巢癌
Ries et al 1999
美国肺癌发病率和死亡率 (1973-1996)
Rate per 100 100,000 people (log scale)
M iddle I nferior
Nasal vestibule
Nasal tur binates (conchae)
Ostium of auditory tube
Oral cavity
T ongue Epiglottis L ar ynx Vocal fold (cord) T r achea
Subclavian artery and vein
男性黑人
女性黑人
男性白人
女性白人
Wingo et al 1999
肺癌的流行病学特点
– 90-92年肺癌占恶性肿瘤死因第1位的省市 :
上 海: 43.53/10万 天 津: 38.86 辽 宁: 32.07 黑龙江: 29.06 吉 林: 28.06 云 南: 23.07 北 京: 22.25 内蒙古: 22.04
A or ta
L. pulmonary artery L. main bronchus
Lymph nodes
Per icar dium Sternum (cut away)
6th and 7th costal cartilages Rectus abdominis muscle
Linea alba I nternal oblique muscle External oblique muscle (cut away)
Accessor y
Sternocleidomastoid (elevates sternum)
G land E lastic fib res
T rachealis m uscle O esophageal m uscle E p ith eliu m L y m ph v essels
© N o v a rtis
R . m ain b ro n c h u s
L . m ain b ro n c h u s
1st rib
Subcostal parietal pleura
M ediastinal parietal pleura
R. main br onchus
R. pulmonary ar ter y
Visceral pleura over right lung
Hilus of right lung
Per icar dial mediastinal pleur a
Pituitary gland Pons
© Novartis
Dura mater M edulla oblongata N asophar ynx O r ophar ynx
L ar yngophar ynx (hypophar ynx)
Oesophagus
Cupula (dome) of pleura Clavicle
S tru c tu re o f tra c h e a a n d m a jo r b ro n c h i
T h yro id cartilag e C rico th yro id lig am en t
C rico id cartilag e
C o n n ectiv e tissu e sh eath C artilag e E lastic fib res G land S m all artery L y m ph v essels N erve
50
Incidence - males Mortality - males Incidence - females Mortality - females 10
1974 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96
Year of diagnosis/death
Ries et al 1999
肺癌发生率：病理类型、性别、种族 (1973-1996)
Rate per 60 100,000 people (log scale)
10
鳞癌
腺癌
大细胞癌
小细胞癌
1
1973-5 85-7 94-6 73-5
85-7 94-6 73-5 85-7
Year of diagnosis
94-6 73-5
85-7 94-6
Substernal and subcostal parietal pleura
D iaphr agmatic parietal pleura
D iaphr agm
Falx cerebri Sphenoidal sinus
Frontal sinus
Nasal cavity Super ior and supreme
A n terio r w all
C ross section th rou gh trach ea
P o sterio r w all
To upper lo b e
To m idd le lo b e
To low er lo b e
E p arterial b ro n c h u s
N erve S m all arteries