TOEFL ibt 测试卷R测试时间：测评教师：学生姓名：测评地点：学员成绩：/120Time: 60 minutesScore: READING SECTION DIRECTIONSThe reading section measures your ability to read and understand passages in English. For most questions, you will choose the one best answer of four possible answers. You have 20 minutes to read the passage and answer all of the questions.Reading 1 “Layers of Social Class”Taken together, income, occupation, and education are good measures of people’s social standing. Using a layered model of stratification, most sociologists describe the class system in the United States as divided into several classes: upper, upper middle, lower middle, and lower class. Each class is defined by characteristics such as income, occupational prestige, and educational attainment. The different groups are arrayed along a continuum with those with the most money, education, and prestige at the top and those with the least at the bottom.In the United States, the upper class owns the major share of corporate and personal wealth; it includes those who have held wealth for generations as well as those who have recently become rich. Only a very small proportion of people actually constitute the upper class, but they control vast amounts of wealth and power in the United States. They exercise enormous control throughout society. Most of their wealth is inherited.→Despite social myths to the contrary, the best predictor of future wealth is the family into which you are born. Each year, the business magazine Forbes publishes a list of the “Forbes 400”– the four hundred wealthiest families and individuals in the country. Of all the wealth represented on the Forbes 400 list, more than half is inherited. Those on the list who could be called “self-made”were not typically of modest origins; most inherited significant assets (Forbes, 1997; Sklar and Collins, 1997). Those in the upper class with newly acquired wealth are known as the nouveau riche. Although they may have vast amounts of money, they are often not accepted into “old rich” circles.→The upper middle class includes those with high incomes and high social prestige. They tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives. Their earningscan be quite high indeed-successful business executives can earn millions of dollars a year. It is difficult to estimate exactly how many people fall into this group because of the difficulty of drawing lines between the upper, upper middle, and middle class. Indeed, the upper middle class is often thought of as “middle class”because their lifestyle sets the standard to which many aspire, but this lifestyle is simply beyond the means of a majority of people in the United States.→The middle class is hard to define; in part, being “middle class” is more than just economic position. By far the majority of Americans identify themselves as middle class even though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their disposal. But the idea that the United States is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle because, in general, people ten not to want to recognize class distinctions in the United States. Thus, the middle class becomes the ubiquitous norm even though many who call themselves middle class have tenuous hold on this class position.In the hierarchy of social class, the lower middle class include workers in the skilled trades and low-income bureaucratic workers, many of whom may actually define themselves as middle class. Examples are blue-collar workers (those in skilled trades who do manual labor) and many service workers, such as secretaries, hairdressers, waitresses, police, and firefighters. Medium to low income, education, and occupational prestige define the lower middle class relative to the class groups above it. The term “lower” in this class designation refers to the relative position of the group in the stratification system, but it has a pejorative sound to many people, especially to people who are members of this class.→The lower class is composed primarily of the displaced and poor. People in this class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working in minimum-wage jobs. [A] Forty percent of the poor work; 10 percent work year-roundAnd full time –a proportion that has generally increased over time. Recently, the concept of the underclass has been added to the lower class. [B] The underclass includes those who have been left behind by contemporary economic developments.[C] Rejected from the economic system, those in the underclass may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities. [D]1. The word those in the passage refers to BA)characteristicsB)groupsC)classesD)continuum2. The word enormous in the passage is closest in meaning to AA) very largeB) very newC)very earlyD)very good3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlightedstatement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information. AA)Although it is not generally accepted, your family provides the bestprediction of your future wealth.B)You can achieve great future wealth in spite of the family in which you mayhave been born.C)It is not true that your family will restrict the acquisition of your futurewealth and level of social status.D)Social myths are contrary to the facts about the future wealth and socialstatus of your family.4.Why does the author mention the “Forbes 400” in paragraph 3? BA)To explain the meaning of the listing that appears every yearB)To support the statement that most wealthy people inherit their moneyC)To cast doubt on the claim that family income predicts individual wealthD)To give examples of successful people who have modest family connectionsParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow [→]5.In paragraph 4, the author states that business and professional people witheducational advantages are most often members of the BA)lower middle classB)upper middle classC)nouveau richeD)upper classParagraph 4 is marked with an arrow [→]6.The word primarily in the passage is closest in meaning to AA)mostlyB)somewhatC)finallyD)always7.The word contemporary in the passage is closest in meaning to BA)unexpectedB)modernC)strategicD)reliable8.According to paragraph 5, why do most people identify themselves as middleclass in the United States? DA)They have about the same lifestyle as everyone else in the country.B)They prefer not to admit that there are class distinctions in the United States.C)They don’t really know how to define their status because it is unclear.D)They identify themselves with the majority who have normal lifestyles.Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow [→]9. What can be inferred about poor people in the United States? BA) They are not able to find entry-level jobsB) They work in jobs that require little education.C) They are service workers and manual laborers.D) They do not try to find employment.10. According to paragraph 7,why has the underclass emerged? BA) The new term was necessary because the lower class enjoyed a higherlifestyle than it had previously.B) The increase in crime has supported a new class of people who live byengaging in illegal activities.C) Changes in the economy have caused an entire class of people to survive bywelfare or crime.D) Minimum-wage jobs no longer support a class of people at a standard levelin the economic system.Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow [→]11. All of the following are indicators of prestige in the United States EXCEPT DA) the level of education that a person has achievedB) the amount of money that an individual has acquiredC) the type of employment that someone pursuesD) the hard work that a person does on a consistent basis12. Look at the four squares [■] that show where the following sentence could beinserted in the passage.The working poor constitute a large portion of those who are poor.Where could the sentence best be added? AClick on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.13.Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage.This question is worth 2 points.The levels of education, the acquisition of wealth, and occupational prestige determine social status in the United States.●●●Answer Choices[A] People who have made their money more recently tend not to be accepted bythose who have inherited their wealth from family holdings.[B] The lower class includes working people with low incomes and a new underclassof people who are dependent on welfare or engage in crime.[C] The upper class tends to acquire wealth through inheritance, whereas the uppermiddle class has a high income that they earn in their professions.[D] Although the lifestyle of the upper middle class is the goal for the majority, it isdifficult for many people to maintain this standard of living.[E] Most people identify themselves as middle class, including blue-collar workersand service workers as well as bureaucratic employees.[F] It is still possible to move from one social class to another in the United States byworking your way up the ladder in a corporate environment.cafReading 2 “THE ART OF THEATRE”The means by which an art form presents its message is referred to as the medium. Thus, sound produced by instruments or human voices is the medium of music. Paint on canvas or paper is the medium of painting. For literature, the medium is written language. For theatre, it is a story performed by actors on a stage.Drama is sometimes seen as a branch of literature because plays, like literature, are often printed in book form. However, there is an important difference between the two forms. Unlike a novel, a play is written to be performed, and the script of a play is not a finished work; it is an outline for a performance. The physical production of the play—the scenery, lighting, and costumes—will affect the performance, and so will the actors. How the actors interpret their roles greatly influences the play’s effect on the audience.The basic encounter in theatre is between the performers and the audience. This is a special type of encounter because the performers are playing other people, characters. Moreover, the characters are part of a human story that has been written by a dramatist. This combination of elements distinguishes theatre from other art forms.Theatre has several other distinctive characteristics. First, the subject matter of theatre is always human beings. Second, theatre is universal—there is an impulse toward creating theatre in all societies. Third, theatre is transitory in nature—a play is an event that occurs through time. Finally, theatre is set apart by its basic elements: audience, performers, director, dramatist, purpose, viewpoint, and setting.Human beings and human concerns are always the subject matter of drama, even when the performers play animals, object, or abstract ideas. In the medieval playEveryman, some of the roles are abstract ideas such as Beauty, Knowledge, and Strength. The central character is Everyman, a human character, and the subject is death arriving before we want it to come—a theme that is universal to humans. The focus of drama is on human beings, even though different human concerns have been emphasized in different plays.In view of the human—centered quality of theatre, it is not surprising that the impulse toward theatre is universal. The urge to create drama has existed wherever human society has developed: in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. In every culture recorded in history or studied by anthropologists, we find rituals, ceremonies, and celebrations that include elements of theatre. At various times, these ceremonies and stories developed into a separate realm of theatre. In Greece, a fully developed theatre emerged almost 2,500 years ago. In India, theatre became well-established around 2,000 years ago. Wherever theatre has become a separate art form, it has had certain essential qualities: a story—the play—is presented by one group—the performers—to another group—the audience.One special quality of a theatre performance is its immediacy. In the theatre, we live in the perpetual present tense. Theatre is a transitory art. A performance changes from moment to moment, and each moment is a direct, immediate adventure for the audience. The transitory nature of theatre is a quality it shares with music and dance, and sets it apart from literature and the visual arts. A novel or a painting is a fixed object; it exists as a finished product. The performing art, on the other hand, are not objects but events. Theatre occurs through time; it is an experience created by a series of sights, sounds, and impressions.14. How does the art of theatre convey its message? CA) An instrument or voice produces sound.B) A camera converts light to images on film.C)People perform a story for another group.D)A person writes a story for others to read.15. The author discusses literature in paragraph 2 in order to illustrate what point?BA)Literature and drama are both written forms of communication.B)Reading a novel and attending a play are different experiences.C）Both novelists and dramatists use an outline to organize ideas.D) Many actors prefer roles from classic works of literature.16.Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. AA) A play’s scenery, lighting, and costumes contribute to the message of the play.B)Theatre is the only art form that mixes more than one medium in a singlework of art.C) A successful dramatist knows how to blend purpose, viewpoint, and themeinto a unique performance.D)Theatre is a distinct art form by the way it joins characters and audience in thetelling of a story.17.Why does the author mention Everyman in paragraph 5?BA)To show that definition of theatre has evolved over timeB)To give an example of a play in which abstract ideas are charactersC)To compare the importance of beauty, knowledge, and strengthD)To illustrate the universal human desire to create theatre18.The word theme in paragraph 5 refers to BA)performers playing animals, objects, or ideasB)death arriving before we want it to comeC)beauty, knowledge, and strengthD)Everyman as a central character19.The word urge in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toCA)moneyB)educationC)motivationD)patience20.The word realm in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toAA)formB)ritualC)scienceD)tool21.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the development of theatre?CA)In every human society, theatre appeared before other forms of art.B)Theatre could not have developed without the support of political leaders.C)People created theatre as a way to promote peace between rival groups.D)Theatre emerged as a distinct art form at different times around the world.22.The word transitory in paragraph 7 is closest in meaning toDA)temporaryB)beautifulC)surprisingD)expressive23.How is theatre similar to the other performing arts?CA)It is based on works of literature.B)It exits as a finished product.C)It is an event that occurs through time.D)It is presented the same way every time.24.According to the passage, all of the following are true of theatre EXCEPTBA)The impulse toward theatre is universal.B)The medium of theatre is written language.C)Theatre is a distinct form of art.D)The focus of theatre is always human.25.Look at the four squares, [A] [B] [C] and [D], which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Thus, theatre is a shared event, an experience that includes both those who perform and who observe.In view of the human—centered quality of theatre, it is not surprising that the impulse toward theatre is universal. [A] The urge to create drama has existed wherever human society has developed: in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. In every culture recorded in history or studied by anthropologists, we find rituals, ceremonies, and celebrations that include elements of theatre. [B] At various times, these ceremonies and stories developed into a separate realm of theatre. In Greece, a fully developed theatre emerged almost 2,500 years ago. In India, theatre became well-established around 2,000 years ago. [C] Wherever theatre has become a separate art form, it has had certain essential qualities: a story—the play—is presented by one group—the performers—to another group—the audience. [D]D26.An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in this passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Several qualities distinguish theatre from other forms of art.● A● C● EAnswer ChoicesA)Theatre is a form of literature because we can read plays in books.B)Theatre requires a human story, performers, and an audience.C)An actor must change his voice to play certain characters.D)The tendency toward creating theatre occurs in all human societies.E)Theatre developed as a separate art very early in Greece and India.F)Each theatre performance is an immediate yet transitory experience.Time: 60 minutesScore:LISTENING SECTION DIRECTIONSThe listening section measures your ability to understand conversations and lectures in English. You will hear two conversations and one lecture, each only one time. After each conversation or lecture, you will hear some questions about it. Answer all the questions based on what the speakers state or imply.You may take notes while you listen and use your notes to help you answer the questions. You have approximately 15 minutes to complete this section. Please don’t look at the questions until the conversation or lecture is over.Listening 1 “Professor’s office”1. Why does the man go to see his professor?A) To take a makeup test for a class that he missedB) To explain why he has been absent from classC) To turn in an extra credit project to the professorD) To ask the professor how to bring up his gradeC)Why did Ernie get a low grade on the last test?a)He does not understand the material.b)He is not a very good student.c)He did not have time to finish it.d)He was in a hurry to leave the class.D)What do we know about the test?a)There were 100questions on it.b)It was worth 25 percent of the final grade.c)The test was an extra credit assignment.d)The questions were very difficult.E)Why does the professor say this:a)Because she doesn’t understand what the man wants her to dob)Because she has finished the discussion about the man’s problemc)Because she wants the man to be more specific about his pland)Because she does not want to do what the man suggestsF)What can be inferred about the professor?a)She tries to be fair to all of her students.b)She is not very flexible about her policies.c)She does not have very many students.d)She is not sure what she wants to do.Listening 2 “Anthropology Class”G)Which of the following is the main topic of the lecture?a) A progressive view of agricultureb)The conditions for the development of agriculturec) A comparison of hunter-gatherers and farmersd)The negative effects of agriculture on early farmersH)What are two key characteristics of hunter-gatherers mentioned in the lecture?a)They were taller than farmers.b)They ate less well than farmersc)They lived longer than farmers.d)They were less physically fit than farmers.I)Why does the professor say this:a)To emphasize the point that he has just madeb)To indicate that another point will be madec)To demonstrate that the point is his opiniond)To regain the student’s attention for the next pointJ)How does the professor organize his lecture?a)He contrasts older theories of agriculture with newer ones.b)He makes an argument for the revisionist view of agriculture.c)He defines revisionism by giving examples of early farmers.d)He provides a chronological account of early farmers.10. Which of the following statements best summarizes the position of therevisionists?A) The agricultural revolution affected all human activity.B) The development of agriculture had a positive influence on nutrition.C) Agriculture contributed to the health risks for early farmers.D) Agriculture people had to move from place to place to plant crops.11. In the lecture, the professor describes the relationship between health andagriculture. Indicate whether each of the following is true or false. Click in the correct box for each phrase.YES NOA Epidemics were spread by crowded towns and trade.B Crop failures threatened the entire population.C Wars with invading hunter-gatherers devastated them.D Unbalanced diets contributed to malnutrition.E Hard labor damaged their bones.Listening 3 “Business Class”12.What is the lecture mainly about?A)Commercials on televisionB)Marketing brand-name productsC)A book by Rob FrankelD)Selling Aunt Ruby’s chicken13.Why does the professor say this :A)To emphasize the importance of commercialsB)To correct something that he said earlierC)To identify the time limits for most commercialsD)To relate new information to a previous example14. According to the professor, why do consumers develop brand loyalty?A) They have a relationship with the personality that the product projects.B) They are able to recognize the brand easily when they see it.C) They tend to make decisions based on recommendations by friendsD) They find a product that they like and continue to buy it.15. How does the professor emphasize his point about branding?A) He uses Aunt Ruby’s chicken as an example.B) He defines it by contrasting it with related concepts.C) He refers to a book that he has written.D) He shows a familiar commercial in class.16. Why does the professor mention laundry detergent?A) To give an example of price warsB) To show that consumers buy different brandsC) To name an industry that introduces new brandsD) To explain the concept of brand loyalty17. According to the professor, what would be a good way to sell a product?A) Design a good logo to present the product to the publicB) Hire a celebrity that customers like and relate toC) Make it easy for consumers to recognize the packagingD) Increase the customer service for the productListening 4 “Students on Campus”18. What is the purpose of this conversation?A)The man wants to borrow the woman’s lab notes.B)The woman is helping the man to write a report.C)The man asks the woman to study for their test with him.D)The woman and the man are performing an experiment.19. What is the study about?A) Reaction times for drivers drinking alcohol in comparison with those ofnondrinkersB) The effects of drinking beer as compared with those of drinking gin and tonic.C) The time that it takes to stop a car going 35 miles per hour when the brakes areapplied.D) The problems of riding bicycles on college campuses that have 35mile-per-hour speed limits.20. According to the man, why is it important to mention that the subjects wererandomly selected ?A)The random selection explains why the results were so general.B)This information allows another researcher to repeat the experiment.C)The lab assistant included it in the example that the students received.D)Randomly selected subjects assure researchers of an accurate outcome.21. Why does the woman say this:A)She is not sure about her observation.B)She is insulting the man with this comment.C)She is certain the man agrees with her.D)She is asking for the man’s opinion.22. Which section includes the conclusions?A)DiscussionB)ResultsC)ChartD)IntroductionListening 5 “Biology Class”23. What aspect of blood does the professor mainly discuss?A)An explanation of stem cellsB) A process for blood transfusionC) A method for producing artificial bloodD) A discussion of blood typing24. Why does the student say this:A)She is apologizing for disagreeing with the professor.B)She is interrupting politely to ask a question.C)She is talking to herself during the lecture.D)She is changing the subject of the professor’s talk.25. Why does the professor mention fingerprints?A)To demonstrate that blood types are different for individualsB)To explain how most of the blood tests are performedC)To explain why O blood is considered universalD)To help students remember the different antigens26. In cross matching, how does a compatible match appear under the microscope?A)All of the cells are at an equal distance from each other.B)The arrangement of the cells looks like two parallel lines.C)The cells tend to group together in a large clump.D)The red cells and the plasma separate in an irregular pattern.27. Why does the professor mention artificial blood?A)She is referring to the textbook.B)She is answering a question.C)She is reporting her research.D)She is joking with the students.28. What does the professor imply when she says this :A)She is very uncertain about the risks of the research.B)She is somewhat interested in doing research in this area.C)She is with drawing her support for future research.D)She agrees that research should continue in spite of problems.Listening 6 “Orientation session”29. What is this discussion mainly about?A)Success in collegeB)How to read fasterC)Academic study skillsD)Research on college students30. How does the professor organize the discussion?A)She cites research to support her arguments.B)She gives a demonstration of her theory.C)She debates the issues with her students.D)She shares strategies that she developed.31. Why does the professor mention running?A)To digress from the topic with a personal storyB)To make a comparison between reading and runningC)To show that reading requires physical effortD)To clarify the times two rule32. Why does the professor say this:A)She doesn’t think the point is very important.B)She is trying to finish the lecture on time.C)She thinks the idea will fit in better later on.D)She doesn’t want the student to interrupt her.33. The professor mentions several negative habits. Match these habits to theexplanations. Click on the habit and drag it to the correct explanation.Habit ExplanationPauses that the eye makesReading the same words more than onceMoving your lips while redingA)FixatingB)Auditory readingC)Regressing34. What would the professor probably like the students to do?A)Spend more time studying outside of classB)Use their dictionaries when they are readingC)Take one of her classes at the collegeD)Get help at the Learning Center。